Mafu a kotsi ka ho fetesisa a lijalo tsa jareteng

Tlhokomelo ea selemo le selemo ea beng ba matlo a marulelo a selemo ho sireletsa seratsoana le serapa ho tsoa ho mafu ha se kamehla e fanang ka liphetho tse lakatsehang, leha melumo ea litšila tse sebetsang e utluoa ho pholletsa le selemo le lehlabula merakeng. Mafu a kotsi ka ho khetheha a ka senya libaka tse kholo tsa lijalo tsa meroho le tsa jareteng.

Ho loants'oa ke mafu a semela a tšoaetsanoang, indasteri ea kajeno ea lik'hemik'hale le meriana e ntlafalitse litokisetso tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa tlhaho tse bolaeang kapa tse fokotsang palo le kotsi ea mafu. Leha ho le joalo, ho loants'oa lefu la semela ka katleho, pele ho tsohle, ho hlokahala hore ho khetholloe hantle ka nepo le mofuta oa lefu lena hantle.

Mafu a tšoaetsanoang a limela a bakoa ke tšoaetso e ka tšoaetsang mafu le ho fetisetsa lefu lena ho tloha semeleng ho ea semeleng. Ts'oaetso e ka fumanoa mobung, moeeng, metsing, mme ha e le maemong a matle bakeng sa eona, e fetela kapele ho lijalo tse phetseng hantle.

Mafu a tšoaetsanoang a limela a arotsoe ka lihlopha tse latelang:

• fungal
• baktheria
• bongata.

1. Mafung a limela

Maloetse a fungal a bakoa ke lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa fungus ea pathogenic. Ho latela sebopeho sa mefuta, mafu a fungal ea limela ke a atileng haholo hara ts'oaetso ea semela sa pathogenic. Ho latela phello e mpe ea lijalo, tse kotsi ka ho fetisisa ebile li atile ke ho chechisa morao, leoto le letšo, ho bola ha metso le limela tsa limela, verticillosis, fusarium, powdery hlobo (bohata le 'nete).

Morao blight

Boloala bo morao ke e 'ngoe ea mafu a semela a atileng ka ho fetisisa. E hasoa ke li-fungus tse ngata tse oelang holima limela kapa mobung nakong ea lipula, nosetso, moeeng.

Boemo ba kotsi ea ho blight ea morao-rao

Kotsi e 'ngoe ea ho chesoa ke morao haholo ke bokhoni ba ho tšoaetsa lijalo tsa meroho le lijalo tse ling tsa jareteng, lijalo tsa mango le lihlahla. Tšoaetso e kenella kahara litho tsa ka tlasa lefatše (metso ea metso, li-tubers, bulbs, li-rhizomes). Ho tloha holimo holimo, e ama makhasi, lipalesa, lithupa, mae a bomme le litholoana. Eggplant, pepere e monate, tamati, fragole / fragole, litapole, lifate tsa apole, limela tsa kahare le tse futhumetseng le lijalo tse ling li angoa haholo ke fungus.

Blight kapa blight ea morao ho makhasi a langa le le lej.

Ponahatso ea kantle ea blight ea limela ea morao

Blight e etsahala halofo ea bobeli ea lehlabula mme e hasana ka potlako haholo nakong ea lipula tsa litloebelele ka lithemparetjha ho tloha ho + 24 ... + 27 ° С. Matheba a sootho kapa a 'mala o botala bo botala a hlaha makhasi le letlobo le lenyane. Tse ling qalong li lika-likelitsoe ke selikalikoe sa 'mala o mosoeu,' me hamorao sa koaheloa ke eona. Matheba a kopane, a eketsa sebaka sa Tšenyo. Makhasi a omella ebe a oa (a sebeletsa e le mohloli oa tšoaetso e tlang). Lijalo tsa Grassy lia shoa, 'me merung le lihlahleng litholoana li fetoha tse sa lokelang lijo le ho sebetsoa, ​​bakeng sa ho boloka le ho tsamaisa.

Bala litaba tsa rona tse qaqileng: blight ea tamati ea morao-rao. Mehato ea thibelo le taolo.

Rotisa

Mefuta eohle ea tšenyo e bolileng haholo-holo meroho le limela tse ling tsa jareteng, lipeo tse nyane tsa lijalo tse ling tsa litholoana le monokotsoai (leoto le letšo, tšoeu, putsoa, ​​sootho, hard, keel, stem). Hoo e ka bang bola kaofela, ha ho na kalafo e sebetsang. Limela tse kulang li tlosoa setsing mme li chesoe.

Lipontšo tsa kantle tsa bola ea semela

• Ho tebeloa ka kutu ea semela (leoto le letšo).
• Ka 'mala o sootho,' metso oa limela o nolofatsa le ho fetoha o sootho, 'me hamorao oa fifala.
• White bola e nang le tšenyo ea lijalo tsa motso e nolofatsa lisele, e li fetohe ka mucus, sejalo sa motso se koahetsoe ka koae e tšoeu.
• Ho bola ho thata ho etsa matheba a sootho-bo pherese a nang le matheba a matšo makhasi. Bohareng ba matheba a bobebe ho feta metheo. Matheba a kopane libakeng tse putsoa tse anngoeng ke makhasi.
• Gray bola e ama likarolo tsohle tsa leholimo tsa limela, tse koahetsoeng ka boea ba fluff, sootho le mucus.
• Fungal keel e theha mofuta oa ho ruruha metso ea limela tsa methati efe kapa efe ea lilemo. Limela ha li na lebaka ntle le lebaka 'me lia shoa.
• Stem bola, ho fapana le mefuta e meng, e ama ka kotloloho karolo ea kahare ea lithupa. Limela tse omeletseng ntle le moelelo lia tlosoa. Karolong ea sefapano, lipalesa tse tšoeu li bonahala hantle. Motsoako oa lithunthung o iponahatsa ka ho eketseha ha lefu lena ka ho lla le lefu la li-pedicel kapa likarolo tsa lithupa tsa lifate le lihlahla.

Gray bola holima morara.

Brown bola ka ciliegia.

Eona le metso ea hop.

Malwetse a mang a fungal ea limela a bitsoa mafu a bosholu. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore ntle le lebaka le hlakileng limela li qala ho lakatsa le kamora nakoana li shoa. Maloetse a mofuta ona, ao baahi ba tloaetseng ho hlabula ba a tloaetseng, a kenyelletsa verticillosis, fusarium le ba bang.

Verticillosis

Boloetse bona bo kotsi hobane bo senya methapo ea methapo ea limela tsa herbaceous le shrub. Fungus e namela ka har'a likepe (lehong le letšo) ka sebopeho se matla le se sa foleng. Khetlong la pele, semela se shoa ka matsatsi a 5-10, ka bobeli se ka phela nako e telele, empa litholoana tsa limela tse joalo li ke ke tsa sebelisoa bakeng sa lijo.

Ponahatso ea kantle ea verticillosis

Verticillosis ke bokuli ba lijana tsa limela. E qala ho bontša ho fifala le ho thunya, e lateloe ke makhasi a oang, ho qala bohareng ba moqhaka. Lipalesa le mae a bomme li popehile, li le sootho ebile lia omella. Makhasi a manyane a chlorotic mme a lula holim'a litlhaka tsa limela (moo mycelium ea fungus e sa kang ea hola). Mycelium e tšela chefo e jalang limela. Karolong ea sefapano ea lithutsoana tse ponne, lijana tse amehang tsa moriana tse bopehileng joaloka matheba a batšo lia bonahala. Karolong e telele e telele ho na le chepisi e bonahalang e tlatsa likepe.

Verticillosis ho fragola.

Boemo ba kotsi

Lesela le letala le qala ho tloha metso ho ea holimo le limela. Ka hona, ka ponahalo ea matšoao a ka ntle a lefu lena, boholo ba semela bo angoa ke fungus mme ha ho khonehe ho e boloka. Li-fungus tsa pathogenic li phehella mobung ho fihlela lilemo tse 15 'me ka matla li tšoaetsa limela ka mocheso o tlase ho 20 + C.

Limela tsohle tsa jareteng, lehlabula le thunyang le ho lema lipalesa, lijalo tse nang le lipalesa tse ngata tse kopaneng le lijalo tsa serapa, monokotsoai oa litholoana le lirapa, le mofoka li angoa ke verticillosis.

Fusarium

Tšoaetso ea fungus ea fungus e namela mobung, e ama hantle methapo ea semela. Boloetse bona bo tloaelehile libakeng tsohle, ho sa tsotelloe maemo a leholimo.

Boemo ba Kotsi ea Fusarium

Fusarium e kotsi hobane e senya lenane le leholo la limela tsa herbaceous, lipalesa, lijalo tse nang le perennial le lijalo tsa shrub tsa sefate. Ho feta moo, limela li angoa ke fungus e le lilemong life.

Fusariosis e ka iponahatsa e le ho hlohlona ha tracheomycotic, ho ama lirosa, li-conifers, li-rhododendrons. Bakeng sa limela tsa ka tlung, zygocactus, cyclamen, orchid, li-balsame le limela tse ling hangata li ameha.

Lipontšo tsa kantle tsa fusarium

Fungus e metso e fihla molaleng oa metso, moo ka nako e telele ho beloang liphooko tse pinki (ka linako tse ling li sootho), 'me motso kaofela o koahetsoeng ka kobo e tšoeu. Litho tsa litho tsa litho lia bola, le mycelium, e nyoloha ka sekepeng ho ea sebakeng sa moea, e etsa hore makhasi a be le makhasi ka ho theha libaka tse nang le metsi a mangata a mosehla le a moriti o mong. Ho rengoa ha lithupa, ho luma ha li-inflorescence, litsebe, litholoana, ho lateloe ke lefu la semela sohle. Karolo e ikhethang ea Fusarium ke koae e tšoeu e loileng ka holim'a makhasi a makhasi. Petioles ea fokola, makhasi a leketla haufi le kutu.

Powdery hlobo

Powdery hlobo ke e 'ngoe ea maloetse a kotsi ka ho fetisisa a lijalo tsa meroho le tsa jareteng, libethe tsa lipalesa, li-orchid le limela tsa melee. Li-Powdery tsa bohata le tsa 'nete li tšoana hantle mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe ho limela,' me mofuta o mong le o mong o na le ponahalo ea hae ka ponahalo.

Litšobotsi tsa Powdery Mildew

Powdery hlobo e thehoa ka nako e ts'oanang likarolong tsohle tsa semela se kulang. Semela sohle se koahetsoe ka koae e tšoeu e bosoeu, makhasi a phahama, a ba monyebe, empa a se ke a oa. Boloetse bona bo bakoa ke tlolo ea mokhoa oa temo oa ho lema le ho hlokomela (ho mpefatsa, phapang ea mocheso, khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng).

Bala litaba tsa rona tse qaqileng: Mehato ea ho laola hlobo.

Powdery hlobo e qala ka ho bona karolo e kaholimo ea makhasi a makhasi (e se nang mmala kapa 'mala o moputsoa,' mala o moputsoa) le ponahalo e le 'ngoe ea hlobo e putsoa ka tlas'a mohloa. Hangata moetlo oa kula nakong ea ha ho e-ba le liphetoho tse matla mochesong oa bosiu le motšehare.

Bala litaba tsa rona tse qaqileng: Downy Mildew.

Powdery hlobo makhasi a fragola.

Ke lijalo life tse angoang ke phofo ea mofuta oa phofo?

Mofuta oa bohata le oa phofo o ama limela ka makhasi a li-pubescent (mokopu - likomkomere, squash, squash, maphutshe). Lijalo tse ling li kenyelletsa radish le radish, lierekisi le lisaladi, linaoa, dill mane na. E sentsoe haholo ke phoka e tsoang lirosa tse thunyang, gerberas, zinnias, phloxes, begonias. Limela tsa ntlo le tsona li angoa ke phoka: collanchoe, violets, orchid le tse ling. Ho lijalo tsa litholoana tsa melee, motho a ka hlokomela tloaelo e atileng ea ho kula ka phoka ea mango, li-currants, liperela, lifate tsa apole, plums le lijalo tse ling. Liso tse kholo ka ho fetisisa mobung o bulehileng li amahanngoa le phoka ea hoseng le ho nosetsa ka metsi a batang. E sirelelitsoe - e nang le mongobo o mongata oa moea (ho feta 90%) le nosetso ka metsi a batang.

Mekhoa ea ho sireletsa lijalo ho mafu a fungal

E thibelang

Boloka sebaka sa teropo ntle le mofoka, tlosa masalla ohle a jareteng le ka jareteng kamora kotulo. Jala lijalo tse nang le joang ho hloekisa le ho chesa. Ka hoetla le nakong ea selemo, makala a sefate se soeufalitsoeng, kenya le ho fetola mabanta a ho tsoma ho thibela ho kenngoa ha batho ba jereng mafu ho isa moqhaka oa lifate (likokoanyana le likokoanyana tse ling le li-arthropods).

Tlhaho-leseling

Felisa litlhoko tsohle tsa setso molemong oa temo ea temo. Etsa bonnete ba hore o khetha lipeo, li-disinate), li-bulbs, li-tubers le lintho tse ling tsa ho jala le ho jala, ho kenyelletsa le lipeo tsa lihlahla le lifate.

Mehato ea taolo ea lik'hemik'hale

Bordeaux mokelikeli, vitriol, cineb, celtan, oxechrome, foundationazole le ba bang. Ha u sebetsa limela, sebelisa litokisetso tse lumelloang ke lenane la selemo le selemo bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho lema meroho, lijalo tsa jareteng, mofuta oa shrub le lifate tsa serapa.

Mehato ea taolo ea bioloji

Tšireletso ea limela e qala ho tloha matsatsing a pele. Peo le methapo ea methapo ea methapo e tšoaroa ka li-regator tsa kholo (ovary, bud, epin, gum, moatlelete, heteroauxin, motso le ba bang).

Ho matlafatsa khohlano le maemo a leholimo a mabe le maemo a mang a mabe, lijalo li tšoaroa ka li-immunomodulators nakong ea selemo se ntseng se hola (sodium humate, gummi, amulet, zircon, epin). Ka lefu lena, ho sebelisoa biofungicides - phytosporin, alirin, majir, planriz, ngaka ea phyto, pseudobacterin-2, trichodermin, previkur, barriers le ba bang. Lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa hamolemohali mehatong ea litanka, kamora ho hlahloba hore na li lumellana.

2. Maloetse a semela sa baktheria

Mafu a baktheria a arotsoe ka:

• letheba (letheba la baktheria le letšo, ho bola ha vertex),
• lihlahala tsa semela (mofets'e),
• mafu a vascular (vascular bacteriosis).

Semela sa baktheria se ata.

Vascular bacteriosis ea hop.

Maloetse a tšoaetsanoang a bakoa ke libaktheria tsa pathogenic, hangata li phela mobung. Lipontšo tse tloaelehileng tsa kantle tsa tšenyo ea baktheria ke:

Putrid e kolobileng kapa e bola e omileng ea linama tse bonolo tsa limela

Ponahalo makhasi a matala a mebala le libopeho tse fapaneng, tse nkang libaka tse ncha tsa semela, ho kenyelletsa letlobo, makala le makala a mangata, makala a sefate. Ka mocheso o phahameng, libaka tse amehileng lia oma, 'me ha pula e na, ba theha leqhubu la mucous,

Likokoana-hloko tse ngata li ata tsamaiso ea lijalo; Mekhoa ea metabolic e ferekanngoa le limela, lia fela, li lahleheloa ke 'mala o motala ebe lia shoa,

Bacteria, e lutseng liseleng tsa limela, lintho tse ikhethileng tsa sekhahla tse bakang karohano ea lisele tse ntlafalitsoeng ka sebopeho sa tumello; li-tumorous Outgrowths ulcerate ha nako e ntse e feta (mofets'e oa semela).

Ke limela life tse anngoeng ke tšoaetso ea baktheria?

Bacteria e lula mobung ebe e kenella ka metso ka tšenyo ea mochine. Li senya mefuta eohle ea lijalo tsa jareteng le tsa lirapa tsa mekhabiso. Karolo e ikhethileng ea likokoana-hloko tsa lesapo la mokokotlo ke li-necrosis tsa tiske ka sebopeho sa likarolo tse ntšo tsa makala, kapa makhapetla a makala le metso, qalong a le bonolo, 'me qetellong a kopantsoe le ho ba lehong (liapole, liperekisi, liperela, lipula, morara le tse ling). Ha e angoe feela ke lijalo tse entsoeng ka lehong, empa le tsona ke lipalesa: lirosa, dahlias, pelargoniums le ba bang.

Thibelo le taolo ea mafu a baktheria ea limela

Mehato ea bohlokoa ea ts'ireletso e kenyelletsa mosebetsi oa thibelo le temo. Ka nako e fanoang ea maemo a nepahetseng a hore limela li hoke le ho holisa lefu lena, li ikhula nakong ea nako le ho fokotsa kholo ea tsona.

Ho hloekisa sebaka sa marang-rang ho khaola likarolo tsa limela le ho kula ka botlalo. Mantle a chesoa.

Libaka tsa limela tse kulang li hloekisoa ka bleach kapa ho phekoloa ka tharollo ea 5% ea sulfate ea koporo.

Sesebelisoa se bolaeang likokoana-hloko tsa masela a ho jala (lipeo, li-rhizomes, bulbs, lipeo, sehiloeng) le lisebelisoa tsa jareteng.

Ho lik'hemik'hale tse khothalletsoang: 1% Bordeaux fluid, hydroxychrome, foundationazole, scor le tse ling.

Ha re nahana ka polokeho ea lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko bakeng sa batho le liphoofolo tse haufi, ho molemo ho sebelisa lihlahisoa tse latelang tsa biological tse lebisang ts'oaetso ea baktheria mobung le limela: phytosporin, trichodermin, SK-M lepidocide, haupsin, mycosan. Li ka sebelisoa ho li -xube tsa tanka, empa pele u li sebelisa, u ntse u hloka ho hlahloba hore na li lumellana.

3. Maloetse a bongata ba limela

Maloetse a vaerase a kenyelletsa litšiea, mosaic ea koae le tse ling tse tšoaetsang limela ka lihlopha tse itseng tsa vaerase. Maloetse a vaerase a kotsi hobane litokisetso tse sebetsang tsa ts'ireletso ea limela ha li so hlahisoe. Lintho tse jereng limela tse phetseng hantle ke likokoanyana, hoaba, liboseleise hammoho le maemo a amanang - moea, pula.

Boemo ba kotsi ea mafu a vaerase

Likokoana-hloko li baka tšenyo e kholo lijalo tsa meroho, litholoana le mekhabiso e metle le lihlahla, limela tse ngata tse thunyang tsa mobu o bulehileng le o koetsoeng.

Matšoao a lefu la vaerase

Limela li emisa kholo (dwarfism), e nke 'mala oa tlhaho oa makhasi le lithunthung ka makhasi. Ka nts'etsopele ea lefu lena, matheba a na le mofuta o itseng oa litšobotsi tsa mekhabiso e metle ea selika-likooa. Haeba makhasi a lekhasi a koaheloa ke matšoao a necrotic (lilac, maemo, petunias) mme a holofetse, joale ho tla hlaha mofuta oa necrotic oa mosaic.

Limela tsohle tse anngoeng ke vaerase li tšoauoa ka ho felisoa hoa kholo, ponahalo ea "makhopho a boloi", le ho tsofala ha makhasi le lithutso. Malwetse a atileng haholo ke a mahlakore le a koae mosaic.

Kokoana-hloko ea koae e koahela mokhoa oa ho fetela oa limela le ho li etsa hore li tote. (Phetoho ke mokhoa oa metsi a fetang hara semela le ho fetoha mouoane). Makhasi a fifala, a holofala ebe a oa, e lebisang lefung la limela.

Kholomo e bakoa ke likokoana-hloko tsa mycoplasma. Ntho e ikhethang ke phapang e nyane ea limela. Bolwetse bo qala ka lipeo tsa limela. Limela li tšoaetsa likokoanyana, liboseleise, mefuta e fapaneng ea li-aphid, thrips. Limeleng tse nang le bothata, makhasi a qala ho inamela holimo hofihlellana. Ho lijalo tsa meroho, induction ea litholoana e hlaha.

Mekhoa ea ho sireletsa limela ho tsoa ho mafu a vaerase

Karolo e ka sehloohong ea ho sireletsa limela hore e se ke ea senngoa ke mafu a mosaic ke a mehato ea thibelo le agrotechnical, ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea ho lema le ho jala mefuta e hanyetsitsoeng ke mafu, ho bolaoa ha mobu (haholo-holo tlasa lipeo le ka lihoteleng) le lipeo.

Ho hloekisa sebaka sa marang-rang le ho chesa limela tse senyehileng.

Ha ho na lithethefatsi tse sebetsang ho sireletsa limela ho tsoa ho mafu ana.