Lehlabula le futhumetseng le le futhumetseng ke nako e ntle ka ho fetisisa ea ho nts'etsapele likokoanyana tsa homeoptera proboscis ka lebitso le bonolo le le letle la li-whiteflies. Serurubele se bobebe se bonojana (0.5-3.0 mm) sa 'mala o mosoeu, mapheo le' mele oa sona o koahetsoeng ke ntho e tšoeu e tšoeu, se ne se ka ama batho, haeba e ne e se ka ho ba kotsi. Whitefly e ile ea hlaha ka lekhetlo la pele e le sejalo sa lijalo tse sirelelitsoeng (1870, England), empa hamorao ea fumana niche ea eona sebakeng se bulehileng.
Li-whiteflies tse nakong ea phylogeneis li ile tsa theha mefuta e fetang 200, 'me ea e-ba tse ling tsa limela tse atileng haholo tsa meroho, lipalesa le lipalesa tsa naha e bulehileng. Ke baahi ba ka ho sa feleng ba matlong a limela le ka matlong, matlo ao ho nang le limela tsa ka tlung. Li-whiteflies ke likokoanyana tse arohaneng le batho. Ho lula mefuta e ka bang 150 ea limela tsa malapa a 53. Ke lisosa tsa mafu a vaerase, fungal le vaerase. Li hibernate holima maloanlahla a limela, tlasa makhapetla a sefate ka tsela ea mahe, makhopho.
Whiteflies, kapa Aleirodids (Aleyrodidae). © Brad BuckMefuta ea Li-Whiteflies
Ka June, sefofane se seholo sa li-whiteflies sea qala. U tla atamela bethe e nang le li-eggplant, tamati, likomkomere ka leqhubu le lenyenyane la letsoho la hao, 'me leru le lesoeu le nyoloha ka holim'a sejalo - tsena ke li-whiteflies. Mefuta e tšoeu e ikhethileng ts'ebetsong ea nts'etsopele 'me e rata ho behela mahe le ho qeta karolo e kholo ea bophelo ba tsona lijong tsa furu e amohelang.
Haholo-holo e tsebahalang haholo ho beng ba matlo a limela le ba lulang lehlabula ke li-whiteflies tsa Cabbage (Aleyrodes proletella), Koae Whitefish (Bemisia tabaci), Greenhouse kapa greenhouse, whitefish (Trialeurode vaporariorum) Hangata, li-whitefliesAleurode fragariae) le "lerole"Dialeurode citri) E qetellang e nkuoa e le seoa sa bolulo sa litholoana tsa lamunu. Naheng ea Russia, e atile haholo lebopong la Leoatle le Letšo la Caucasus.
Bakeng sa lijalo tsa meroho le lipalesa, kokoanyana e senyang haholo e senya limela ka li-tiske tse kholo (tse kholo-kholo): tamati, likomkomere, zucchini, fuchsia, pelargonium, abutilon, nightshade, gloxinia le limela tse ling tse ngata. Bakeng sa ntoa e atlehileng khahlanong le bokhubelu, hoa hlokahala ho tseba potoloho ea likokonyana tsa mafu, linako tse hlaselehang habonolo tsa bophelo, e le hore u se ke oa hlola u hlahisa lijalo tse chefo ka kalafo.
White butterfly (Aleyrodes proletella). © Amada44 
Whitefish ea koae (Bemisia tabaci).
La sethopo, kapa la sethopo, bokhubelu (Trialeurode vaporariorum). © mabothobothoPotoloho ea nts'etsopele ea Whitefly
Mefuta ea likokoanyana tse kholo (baholo), ho latela mefuta ea tsona, e tloha ho 0.5-3.0 mm. Ka kholisong ea eona, tšoeu e feta methating e meraro - mahe, makhopho le nymphs. Motho e moholo ea moholo o tsoa ka nymph. E phatlalatsoa ka tsepamiso. Ho semela se le seng ho ka ba le baemeli ba methati eohle ea kholo le likokoanyana tse kholo, tse thatafatsang katleho ea taolo ea likokonyana. Mehokahanong ea nts'etsopele ea mahe le nymphs, likokoanyana ha li kotsing ea tšireletso. Li-larvae tse tšoeu li sebetsa ka botlalo ts'ebetsong ea limela. Ka kholisong ea bona, ba ea methating e 6 ea ho feto-fetoha le maemo, e meraro ea eona e tsamaeang le molting. Mohato o mong le o mong oa larval o tsoala matsatsi a mabeli ho isa ho a mane. Ke maqhubu a mongoaha oa pele feela (slider) a tsamaeang ka mafolofolo. Ha molt oa ho qetela, leqhubu la VI-instar (puparia) le khaotsa ho iphepa, le koahele ka ntho e kang boka, 'me le fetela sethaleng sa nymph, moo likhukhuni li hlahang kamora matsatsi a 6. Potoloho e phethetsoe. Imago e nyalana le e tona ka lihora tse 12 ho isa ho ho tloha. Ho ruruha nakong ea bophelo ba imago ho etsahala hangata. Nako ea tsoelo-pele ea lehe ke matsatsi a 9.
Potoloho ea nts'etsopele ea WhiteflyLi-Digits tse ngata
Kaha mofuta o mong le o mong oa "whitefish", ho latela lijo, o na le linako tsa tlhaiso le bophelo ba likokonyana ka ho fetesisa, re hlahisa tlhahisoleseling e tšoaeang linako tsa eona tse thata ka ho fetesisa.
Bathong ba rarollotsoeng ke seoa se arohaneng, karolo e kholo ke mahe a "whitefish" (40-50%) le li-larvae (ho fihlela 40%). Motho e moholo o behela mahe ka lehlakoreng le tlase la lekhasi ka boholo ba likotoana tsa 20-280, tseo 80-94% ea tsona li pholohang ho kokoanyana e kholo. Nts'etsopele ea batho ba baholo ho tloha ho lehe la lehe ho hlaha ho hlaha ho latela semela sa phepelo le lithemparetjha tse lekaneng. Ka karolelano, tse tšehali le tse tona tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoanyana li ka phela ka lithemparetjha + 18 ... + 24ºС, ka ho latellana, ho tloha matsatsing a 18 ho isa ho a 24 (esita le ho isa ho 60) matsatsi le ho tloha matsatsing a 12 ho isa ho a 17. Ho phahamisa mocheso ho + 24 ... + 30 ° C ho fokotsa bophelo ba tšoeu e tšoeu ho fihlela matsatsi a 4.
Nako ea oviposition ea limela tse tšoeu e kopantsoeng e nka matsatsi a 18-22. Nts'etsopele ea larva e nka matsatsi a 7-15. Ho tloha ka nymph ho ea leetong la imago - matsatsi a 10-15. Nts'etsopele ea moloko o le mong e phethoa ka matsatsi a ka bang 26-28. Tlas'a maemo a joalo, palo ea imago molokong o mong e ka eketseha makhetlo a 3040. Nakong ea kholo ea nako, meloko e 8-15 ea hlaha.
Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa bo-ramahlale, lefu le bolaeang likokoanyana ka ho fetesisa le bonoa nakong ea phetoho ea likholopane tse tšoeu tsa selemo sa pele ho ea ho sa bobeli, le tse nyane haholo - nakong ea lehe le beho le nakong ea nts'etsopele ea nymph. Empa ha ho sebetsoa limela, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela maemo a leholimo. Haeba boemo ba leholimo bo le botle, esita le ka imago e nyane, sekhahla se phahameng sa tsoalo se tla nyoloha (mme haholo) palo ea likokoanyana. Kahoo, ho tla hlokahala ho eketsa palo ea kalafo ho tloha ho 4 ho isa ho 6-7.
Li-larva tse tšoeu tsa greenhouse. © Anatoly MikhaltsovMekhoa e sireletsang lijalo ho li-whiteflies
Tšebeliso e fapaneng ea lithethefatsi tse ling ha e na ho tlisa phello e lebelletsoeng. Ho hlokahala ts'ireletso e phethahetseng khahlanong le litšoantsoe tse bosoeu, ho kenyelletsa mosebetsi oa thibelo le oa ntlo le ba bang ba agrotechnical, ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso ea kalafo ea limela ka lithethefatsi.
Mehato ea thibelo
- Ka nako ea ho hola le qetellong ea nako, tlosa ka hloko limela tsohle tse tsoang ho lijalo le mofoka e le hore mahe a setseng le likokoanyana tse ling li se ke tsa behela mahe.
- Etsa bonnete ba hore o chesa sethopo le mobu ka hoetla.
- Latela mehato ea agrotechnical e fanoeng ke theknoloji sebakeng se bulehileng.
- Nakong ea ho hola, se ke oa fetelletsa limela, haholoholo ka manyolo a naetrojene, ho latela hantle puso ea nosetso.
- Haeba o etsa temo ea manyolo, ebe o sireletsa lijalo ho li-whiteflies, o ka jalwa moetlong oa litšitšili tsa carnivorous le li-macrolofus mites amblyseusa, haholo-holo ka li-greenhouse le greenhouse. Ba fokotseha haholo palo ea li-whiteflies. U ka li reka mabenkeleng a ikhethileng 'me u tšele lintho tse ngata ho latela likhothaletso.
- Nakong ea ho hola, ka linako tse ling ho lekane tharollo e matla ea sesepa ea ho hlatsoetsa (e sa senyehe) ebe e fafatsa limela kapa ho hlapolla ka molapo oa metsi a batang.
Makhasi a semela se anngoeng ke tšoele e tšoeu. © naturguckerMokhoa oa ho tlosa li-whiteflies?
Mehato ea likokoana-hloko
Mehato ea ts'ireletso ea likokoana-hloko e amoheleha haholo mererong ea lithuso le linthong tse nyane. Litokisetso tsa biochemical tse ntlafalitsoeng motheong oa ho phela ka microflora e thusang li senya li-whiteflies ntle le ho utloisa liphoofolo le batho kotsi.
Ho lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng le tse telele tsa bioloji, ho molemo ho sebelisa mofuta oa bioinsecticide, e senyang (ntle le li-whiteflies) lenane le leholo la likokoanyana. Nakong ea kholo ea lijalo tsa meroho, liphekolo tse peli ho isa ho tse 4 li lekane. Aversectin C le Avertin-N li sebetsa hantle ho tsoa sehlopheng se le seng. Li sebetsa ka ho khetheha ho bolaea likokoanyana tse tšoeu tsa mapolanka le likokoanyana tse anyang. Haufinyane tjena, bicol le bitoxibacillin li se li sebelisoa haholo. Naheng ea Rashea, ho entsoe li-bioa-insecticides Nemabakt le Antonym-F, tseo e leng lithethefatsi tse ntle khahlanong le likokoanyana tse fapaneng, empa ho lokolloa ha tsona ho sa tsoa qala mme ho ntse ho rekoa ka bongata.
Re lokela ho hlokomela hore li-bioinsecticides li qala ho sebetsa ka lithemparetjha tse phahameng le mongobo. Ka hona, ts'ebetso e etsoa ho + 18 ° C le ka holimo. Pele o sebetsa, limela li tlameha ho kolobisoa kapa ho alafshoa kamora ho nosetsa. Pula e tlosa litharollo tsa li-bioinsecticides, ka hona, o tlameha ho pheta kalafo. Phekolo ea ho qetela e nang le bioinsecticides e etsoa matsatsi a 2-3 pele ho kotuloa. Litharollo tsa kalafo li hlophisitsoe hantle ho latela litlhahiso tsa baetsi. Ho eketsa mahlakore a tharollo ho ke ke ha eketsa katleho ea ts'ebetso. Ts'ebeliso ea li-biioinsecticides e khothalletsoa ho beng ba temo ea manyolo.
Litlhare tsa folks bakeng sa li-whiteflies
Melemo ea likokoana-hloko e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea li-decoctions tsa limela tse bolaeang likokoanyana bakeng sa litlolo (onion husk, decoction ea yarrow, infusion ea konofolo). Liphetho tsa semela li hloekisoa ho tsoa ka sethala se nyane. Ts'ebeliso ea li-decoctions e hloka ho phetoa khafetsa - kamora matsatsi a 2-3-4 nako e telele.
Whitefly makhasi a fragola. © Surendra DaraLik'hemik'hale tse tšoeu
Ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale molemong oa ho lema lijalo tsa jareteng ka bulehileng, haholo-holo, mobu o koetsoeng ha o khothalletsoe. Maemong a mang, ha lekhasi la meroho le lula sebakeng se seholo, 'me tšoeu e tsoetse-pelehe, liphekolo tse 1-2 li ka etsoa qalong ea nako ea ho hola. Ho felisoa ha ho qetela ho etsoa kamora matsatsi a 20-25 pele ho kotuloa.
Ho lik'hemik'hale tse lumelloang lijalo tsa meroho khahlanong le li-whiteflies, o ka sebelisa mospilan, int-vir, spark-M le tse ling. Ha u khetha moriana, o hloka ho ela hloko nako ea ho bola, nako ea ts'ebetso, boemo ba kotsi le lipontšo tse ling. Setlhare se khethiloeng se tlameha ho sebelisoa ka thata ho latela litaelo ka mehato eohle ea ts'ireletso ea sebopeho sa motho (liatlana, seaparo se apereng, hempe, likhalase, mochini o phefumolohang kapa moaparo o mekato e mengata).
