Lilemong tsa morao tjena, boemo ba leholimo ba lehlabula libakeng tse ngata ha bo lebelloe, bo nang le phello e mpe ho nts'etsopele le kotulo ea lijalo tsa jarete le melee le lijalo tsa jareteng. Bakeng sa ho boloka moruo oa hau, mehato ea ts'ireletso e tlameha ho qala ho tloha hoetla ea selemo se fetileng, 'me pele ho tsohle, ba tla mehatong ea agrotechnical. Serapa le monokotšoai o lenngoeng ke mefuta e sa zoned, o hloekisitsoeng hang ka mofoka le maloanla a mang, o nosetsoa hang-hang ebile o fepa, o tla hana ho qala ha mafu ka phetoho e matla maemong a leholimo (lipula tsa nako e telele, serame sa nakoana, tšoaetso ea epiphytotic, jj.).
Phekolo ea serapeng sa lehlabula bakeng sa mafu. © tlhahohealth365Phuptjane e amahanngoa le kholo ea mahe, ho thehwa ha sejalo le ho qaleha ha ho butsoa ha monokotsoai oa pele le lijalo tsa litholoana. Ka hona, maemo a leholimo a koahetsoeng ke pula le pula nakong ena a eketsa menyetla ea ho senyeha hoa maloetse a fapaneng. Ka Phuptjane-Phato, mafu a se nang tšoaetso le a tšoaetsanoang a fumana nts'etsopele e potlakileng.
Tse sa tšoaetsanoang ke mafu a sa feteleng ho limela le litso tse ling. Ha li tlosa mohloli oa lefu lena, lijalo lia hlaphoheloa ntle le tšenyo ea lijalo tse ling. Lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa mafu a seng a tšoaetsanoang ke ho haella ha limatlafatsi tse hlokahalang, lintlha tse fumanehang, mofuta oa nosetso le tse ling.
Maloetse a tšoaetsanoang (a tšoaetsanoang) a khetholloa ke bokhoni ba ho fetolela ho limela tse ling, ka linako tse ling ka phetoho ea beng, a ngatafala ka potlako, a lematsa lijalo tse mmaloa, a senya limela le tsona lijalo tse thehiloeng ke tsona ka nako e khuts'oane.
Lefu la vaerase makhasing a raspberry. © Michelle GrabowskiMatšoao a tloaelehileng a mafu a fungal
Maloetse a fungal a bakoa ke lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa li-fungus tse mpe tse kenang kahare ho litho tsa ka hare tsa limela le ho kenya mesebetsi ea tsona ea tlhaho lits'ebetsong tsa mmele, tse li bolaeang. Li-fungus tsa "fungus" lia ata, li hola hammoho le mycelium ka litho tsa kahare tsa limela. Ntle le moo, lefu lena le iponahatsa ka mokhoa oa ho fifatsa makhasi, ponahalo ea makhopho a makhasi le makhasi a manyane, mathe a mebala e fapaneng, eo butle-butle e kopaneng. Makhasi a fetoha mosehla, a sootho, a oa. Boloetse bo tsoetseng pele haholo bo fihla ka Mphalane-Phupu. E ama litho tsohle tsa semela, ho kenyelletsa le litholoana. Lehlabula, e mela le li-conidiospores nakong ea leholimo le lipula tse telele.
Anthracnose sefateng sa morara. © omafra 
Powdery Mildew, kapa Gooseberry Powdery Mildew (Sferotek). © Dorling Kindersley 
Cercosporosis, kapa 'mala o sootho makhasi a saluna a Mizuna. © Scot NelsonMaloetse a fungal a melee a kenyelletsa 'nete le a bohata powdery hlobo, laeborari ea libaka (phofo ea phofo) Septoria (letheba le lesoeu) anthracnose, cercosporosis (leihlo le sootho) le mafu a mang a fungal le baktheria.
Boholo ba limela tsa melee tse nang le anthracnose, cercosporosis, septeriosis, powdery hlobo le mafu a mang a mofuta oa fungus le mafu a mang a fungal a ama li-currants tse khubelu, li-gooseberries, tse tala, li-blackberry. Karolo e khethollang ea mafu a fungal ho nts'etsopele ea pele ke tšenyo ea makhasi ka mokhoa oa botala bo botala, 'me hamorao - sootho le matheba a mang. Butle-butle, lefu lena le fetela ho petioles le makhopho. Makhasi a sala a le qetellong ea makala. Letlobo le letala le koahetsoe ke liso tse sootho.
Lijalo tsa litholoana (Lifate tsa apole, liperela, liperekisi, cherries le tse ling) lia ameha lehlaka, phylosticosis, coccomycosis, moniliosis (litholoana bola) mahlaku a makhasi, powdery hlobo, mafome, kankere e tloaelehileng le mafu a mang a fungal.
Lipontšo tsa kantle tsa lefu li qala ka li-buds, makhasi, tsoela pele ho letlobo, litholoana. Litho tse kulang li fetola 'mala oa makhasi, ebe li koaheloa ke fluff ka lehlakoreng le ka tlase la makhasi, ho hlaha makhasi, ho qala ka ho ba likarolo tse nyane tsa mebala e fapaneng le meeli, kamora moo li kopana. Makhasi a oa. Litholoana li tlotsoa kapa li bola.
Liphetoho tsena tsohle tsa mofuta oa lipalesa le lijalo tsa litholoana li bontša lefu le fungal kapa la baktheria le tlhoko ea kalafo ea limela.
Coccomycosis cherries. © michaelld2003 
Phyllosticosis, kapa ho bona makhasi. © uky 
Lefu la sehlahali sa Mycoplasma ho honeysuckle. © Jocelyn H. ChilversMehato ea Taolo ea Mafu a Fungal
Lik'hemik'hale
Litokisetso tse nang le koporo tsa ts'ebetso ea ho ikopanya, tse ka sebelisoang bakeng sa kalafo matsatsi a 25-30 pele ho kotuloa li sebetsa ka katleho ho mafu a fungal. Tlatsa litokisetso ka motsoako oa tanka ho latela likhothaletso mme u li fafatse ka methati e bontšitsoeng ka har'a sephutheloana kapa litokomaneng tse latelang: Abiga-Peak, Profilactin, metsi a Bordeaux, Topaz, Oksikhom, Profiti.
Haufinyane, lithethefatsi li hlahile 'marakeng oa litokisetso tsa lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa kalafo ea mafu a fungal, e kenyelletsang tšusumetso e matla ea ho itšireletsa khahlanong le spore - Ordan, Profit-Gold, Acrobat MC, Skor, Previkur le ba bang.
Lik'hemik'hale li hloka ho ba hlokolosi ha li sebelisoa, kaha li na le phello e mpe bophelong ba batho, liphoofolo, linonyana le likokoanyana. Ha u li sebelisa, nako e telele ea ho leta e lokela ho tsotelloa, ka hona, lithethefatsi li ka sebelisoa lijalo tsa pele (li-raspberries, li-currants, li-gooseberries, irgi, li-cherries tsa pele le tse ling) feela nakong ea selemo, pele e thunya.
Lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko
Ho molemo haholo ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tsa tlhaho ho tsoa ho mafu a li-etiology tse fapaneng ka tlung kapa sebakeng se kopaneng. Li entsoe ka mokhoa oa boipheliso, eseng tse tlotsitsoeng bakeng sa 'mele oa motho. Nako ea ho leta ha e fetise matsatsi a 3-5, 'me litokisetso tse ling li ka sebelisoa esita le nakong ea kotulo ka nako ea eona ha e mela hanyane.
Ka tlhaho, lihlahisoa tsa limela tsa ts'ireletso ea likokoana-hloko khahlanong le mafu li na le nako e khuts'oane ea ho pepesetsoa ts'oaetso mme li hloka tšebeliso e phehellang, empa matla a ho boloka bophelo bo botle le ho fumana lihlahisoa tse nang le tikoloho a lefa ka botlalo nako e sebelisitsoeng ho kalafo ea limela tse ngata. Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore boholo ba lihlahisoa tsa bioloji (biofungicides le bioinsecticides) li kopantsoe le motsoako oa litanka, o fokotsang palo ea liphekolo.
Scab makhasi le litholoana tsa perela. © PhupuHo lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko, fungal le bacteric biofungicides li ipakile li le hantle. Libakeng tse nang le lehlabula le pholileng le pula, "biitosterator" ea biitosis e sebetsa hantle ho sireletseng lijalo tsa litholoana ho tsoa mofetsong oa baktheria, leqeba, coccomycosis, le bola le metso. Bacterofic biofungicides Bactofit, Phytocide, Planrin, Pseudobacterin le universal biopreparation Haupsin, e sirelletsang ka kotloloho meroho, monokotsoai, masimo a morara, masimo, mahapu le lipalesa ho tsoa ho mafu a baktheria le a fungal. Haupsin ha e felise lefu lena feela, e boetse e na le thepa e khothalletsang kholo.
Maloetse a vaerase
Maloetse a vaerase selemo le selemo a holisa phello ea bona e mpe ho lihlahla le lipalesa: moriri o harelaneng le lekhasi mosaic, hahlathe, mafu a mycoplasmal (litsomi) le tse ling ha li na thuso bakeng sa tšenyo ea lik'hemik'hale. Tšireletso khahlanong le mafu a vaerase e theohela timetsong ea mmele ea limela tse kulang.
Khaba e harelaneng. © Robyn MelloHar'a lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko, sehlahisoa sa likokoana-hloko tsa Pentafag-S se ile sa rekisoa. E na le livaerase tsa vaerase hape ha e felise mafu a fungal le baktheria feela, empa le a vaerase. Setlhare sena, joalo ka lihlahisoa tse ling tsa tlhaho, se bolokehile ho batho, linotši le liphoofolo tse mali tse futhumetseng. Lithethefatsi tse kaholimo li se li lekiloe 'me li ipakile ho loants'a mafu a lijalo le litholoana tse nyalisitsoeng.
Selemo se seng le se seng, mekhoa e mecha ea ho sireletsa lijalo le litholoana le melee ho tsoa ho ts'enyo ea mafu e hlaha 'marakeng oa lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko. O ka tloaelana le bona ho li-catalogs tsa selemo le selemo tsa litokisetso tse amohelehang tsa ho sireletsa limela ho tsoa ho mafu.
