E le hore malinyane a likonyana kapa manamane a likhomo a phele ho latela se lebelletsoeng ke molemi oa liphoofolo, ha hoa lekana ho reka liphoofolo tsa pele tse li hohelang. Hoa hlokahala hore mehlape ea likhomo tse khethiloeng bakeng sa polasi e lumellanoe le boemo ba leholimo sebakeng se itseng mme e holisoe polasing e ikemetseng.
Liqeto le linepe tsa likhomo tse batloang haholo le tse ratoang haholo Russia le linaha tse haufi le tsona li tla thusa ho khetha khetho le ho ithuta ho eketsehileng ka mefuta e teng.
Mefuta eohle ea likhomo, eo ho eona ho nang le makholo a 'maloa lefatšeng, e arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro: nama, lebese le nama le lebese. Phapang ea Russia e nyane haholo. Palo ea mehlape e fumanehang kahara naha e lekana le tse leshome le metso e supileng, 'me boholo ba tsona e le mehlape ea lebese ea likhomo. Khetho ena e tsoetse pele ho ea ka nalane. Lehlabula le lekhutšoanyane libakeng tse ngata le mariha a batang, a neng a nyenyefatsa likhomo tsa lijo tse monate tseo a li hlokang, li ne li ba thibela ho fumana phaello e ntle ea liphoofolo tsa nama. Litsenyehelo tsa ho boloka liphoofolo nakong ea mariha li ile tsa etsa hore lihlahisoa li theko e boima haholo ho feta ho ja nama e 'ngoe e bohlale.
Leha kajeno liphooko tsa likhomo tsa lebese Russia li ntse li ratoa ebile li hlokahala feela, mapolasi a mangata, a sebelisa boiphihlelo ba linaha tse ling le boiphihlelo ba tsona, a se a qalile ho holisa liphoofolo tsa nama tsa kajeno.
Mofuta oa lebese oa maDutch
Har'a liphoofolo tsa mofuta oa lebese, likhomo tsa mofuta oa maDutch, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li ka nkoa e le baholo-holo ba tataiso, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng, baemeli ba eona ba hloahloa.
Likhomo le lipoho tse tsoang Holland e ne e le litloholo tsa mefuta e tsebahalang haholo kajeno Russia e le Kholmogorskaya, motley e ntšo. Mme joale liphoofolo li sebelisoa ka mafolofolo ho ikatisa le ho ikatisa linaheng tse ngata tsa lefats'e.
Likhomo tsa lebese li ratoa ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang Europe, 'me lilemong tse lekholo tse fetileng, ka lebaka la khetho e sa feleng, tlhahiso ea liphoofolo e eketsehile haholo. Likhomo tsa maDutch tse ntšo le tse tšoeu li fetohile tse rarahaneng, tsa mesifa ebile li thata.
Bakeng sa selemo sa almanaka, Burenka e hlahisa lilithara tse likete tse 4,5 tsa lebese le letle le nang le mafura a ka bang 4%.
Baemeli ba mofuta ona oa likhomo tse holileng kapele, likhomo tse kholo li ka fihlela boima ba li-1200 kg, mme likhomo - 800 kg. Manamane a tsoaloa a e-na le boima ba li-kilo tse 35-40, empa letsatsi ka leng a ba boima le ho feta, a eketseha ka ligrama tse 800-1200.
Mefuta ea likhomo tse tsamaeang le nama
Switzerland e fetohile sebaka sa tsoalo ea likhomo tse fetang e le 'ngoe, ka hona ha ho makatse ha li fuoa maemo a matle a naha ena, makhulo a mangata a lithaba tse nang le lero le boemo bo botle ba leholimo. Mofuta oa likhomo tsa lebese le oa lebese o bitsoang Simmental, o ile oa mela hantle eseng feela matsoapong a Switzerland a monono, empa hape le maemong a Russia.
Likhomo tsa mofuta oa mofuta oa Simmental ha li na boikokobetso, li ikamahanya le mefuta e fapakaneng ea phepo, ka hona li ka bolokoa habonolo mabaleng a ikemetseng. Liphoofolo li khetholloa ke lihlahisoa tse ntle tsa lebese, li fana ka kakaretso ea lilithara tse likete tse hlano ka selemo, le boleng bo botle ba lebese, leo mafura a lona a leng haufi le 4%. Khomo ea lebese la likhomo e se nang likomkomere e bile lilithara tse likete tse 12. Tlhahiso ea lebese ha se eona feela mofuta oa mefuta ea likhomo. Ho ba bokahohleng, liphoofolo li fa mong'a nama e ntle e ratoang.
Boima ba khomo e nonneng e phetseng hantle e ka ba li-kilo tse 600, le lipoho - tse fetang 800 kg.
Naheng ea Russia, likhomo tsa Simmental li ka fumaneha libakeng tse ka boroa, mohlala, sebakeng sa Black Earth, libakeng tsa Saratov le Rostov.
Mofuta oa likhomo tsa Aishir
Mofuta oa likhomo tsa lebese o tsoang Scotland o matla ebile o na le tlhahiso e ntle. Kaha ha e na boima bo ikhethang joalo ka baena ba hae ba sejoale-joale, likhomo tse khubelu tsa mofuta oa Aishir li tsoala hantle li hlahisa lilithara tse fetang likete tse 5 tsa lebese tse nang le mafura a fihlang ho 4,2% ka selemo. Acclimatization e sebetsa hantle libakeng tse futhumetseng moo liphoofolo li ke keng tsa pepesetsoa mocheso o futhumetseng oa lehlabula.
Karolo e ikhethang ea mofuta ona oa linaka ke linaka tse meholo e meholo e nang le sebopeho se lekaneng le tse tšehali. Liphoofolo li na le sefuba se pharaletseng, maoto a otlolohileng a otlolohileng le molala o mosesane, o mokgutshwane. 'Mele o lumellanang o nang le mesifa e boletsoeng hanyane hang-hang o senola tloaelo ea lebese. Liphoofolo li butsoitse kapele 'me li ka tsoala li le lilemo li peli.
Liphoofotsoana tsa likhomo tsa Jayser
Mofuta o mong oa lebese la likhomo tse tsoang UK o nkoa e le o mong oa khale ka ho fetisisa, empa ho theosa le lilemo o le teng o ntse o le teng. Tsena ke likhomo tsa mofuta oa lijalo tsa Jersey, tse tummeng eseng haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso e ngata ea lebese joalo ka ha ho rekota mafura a lebese a fihlang ho 7%. Boleng bona ba sehlahisoa qalong bo ne bo ama ho tsamaisoa ha liphoofolo lefatšeng. Baetsi ba molao ba Borithane ba thibetse ho tsamaisoa ha likhomo naheng, hore ba se kopanye tse ling le tse ling. Empa butle-butle ho teba ha thibelo ho ile ha fokola, 'me liphoofolo tsa hlaha mapolasing a linaha tse haufi le tse hole.
Ho ajoa ha likhomo tsena ho khothalelitsoe ke ho hloka boikokobetso le katleho ea maemo maemong a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa libaka tse omeletseng le tse chesang. Likhomo li khetholloa ke skeleton se bobebe, hlooho e nyane, 'mele o molelele le moetla o moholo o bopehileng ka senoelo. Mmala oa liphoofolo hangata o sootho kapa o sootho. Matšoao a khubelu le a masoeu a meriti e fapaneng a amoheleha.
Boima ba poho e kholo ha bo feta lik'hilojule tse 700, tse tšehali li bobebe ho tse 150-200 kg. Mefuta ea likhomo tsa Jersey ha e fuoe nama.
Mofuta oa likhomo tsa Holstein
Likhomo tsa Dairy Holstein ha lia ka tsa fumanoa Europe, joalo ka ha ho ne ho ka bonahala, li ahlola ka lebitso la mofuta, empa ho Lefatše le Lecha. Bahlahisi ba USA le Canada ba ile ba nka joalo ka mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo tse kholo tsa Madache le tse tšoeu ka lilemo tse lekholo ba e fetotse haholo, 'me ea e etsa hore e atile haholo lefatšeng.
Litšobotsi tsa mofuta oa likhomo tsa Holstein li kenyelletsa tlhahiso ea lebese e tloaelehileng ea selemo le selemo ea lilithara tse ka bang likete tse 7,8 tsa lebese, e nang le mafura a fokolang a 3.7%. Ka nako e ts'oanang, liphoofolo li tšoauoa ka litheolelo tse phahameng tsa lebese ho fihla ho lilitha tse 3.5 ka motsotso.
Li-Holsteiners tsa mehleng ena ke lipoho tse kholo le likhomo tse holang ho fihlela ho 1200 kg mme li boima ho fihlela ho 700 kg. Baemeli ba mofuta oa likhomo tsa lebese ba na le 'mele o molelele, matsoele a tebileng le mokokotlo o matla o otlolohileng.
Har'a likhomo tsa lebese tse ntseng li etsoa Russia, li-Holsteins li lula ho e 'ngoe ea libaka tse etelletseng pele, tse ntlafalitsoeng ke mapolasi a tsona a fanang ka lihlahisoa tse ntle tse fanang ka tšepo ea lihoai kapa mong'a polasi e ikemetseng.
Mofuta oa likhomo tsa Schwyz
Switzerland, ho ile ha fumaneha nama ea khomo e phahameng haholo le lebese Switzerland. Hangata, liphoofolo tsena li soeufala ka 'mala, li na le letlalo le tšesaane le boea bo bokhutšoaane. 'Mele oa lipoho tse kholo le tse tona li telele, mokokotlo o sephara ebile o matla. Litšobotsi tsa mofuta ona li kenyelletsa sefuba se pharaletseng, molala o mokhuts'oane, hlooho e boreleli le hlooho e khuts'oane e nang le boemo bo otlolohileng le linaka tse nyane tse lefifi. Likhomo tse kholo li hola ho fihlela ho li-600 kg, boima ba lipoho li ka fihla ho 950 kg.
Likhomo tsa Schweiz li khetholloa ke bophelo bo botle ba 'mele, ho potlakisa ho potlaka le ho holisa pele ho nako. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tse nepahetseng tse tsoang ho liphoofolo li ka fumaneha feela ka tlhokomelo e nepahetseng le lijo tse khethiloeng hantle. Nama ea boleng bo botle le lilithara tse likete tse 5 tsa lebese ka selemo li fumanoa likhomo.
Mofuta oa likhomo tse ntšo
Likhomo tsa maDutch le liphoofolo tsa lehae e ile ea e-ba baholo-holo ba mebala e fapaneng ea 'mala o motšo e bopehileng Soviet Union. Likhomo tsa lebese li pharalletse ho pholletsa le Russia 'me ke tsa bobeli feela ho mofuta o mofubelu oa li-steppe le likhomo tsa Simmental ho latela lipalo tsa mehlape. Ka lebaka la botumo ba popane tšimong ea naha, mefuta e 'maloa ea likhomo tse motšo tse ntšo e tsoetse pele, e na le tšimoloho e le' ngoe, empa e ikamahantse le maemo a fapaneng a ho phela le ho a boloka. Kahoo, mohlala, likhomo tsa Ural li fapane haholo le batho ba morabe oa Bochabela bo Hare, le maRussia a bohareng ho tsoa likhomo tsa likhomo libakeng tse ka boroa ho Russia.
Mofuta o motšo le o mosoeu oa likhomo o ikhethile bakeng sa tlhahiso ea oona e phahameng ea lebese, empa litšoaneleho tsa nama tsa liphoofolo ha li sebakeng sa ho qetela. Joalo ka mefuta eohle e haufi le metso ea maDutch, liphoofolo tse motšo tse motšo tse khethiloeng malapeng li na le tlhaho:
- mmele o molelele;
- bophara ka morao;
- boholo bo boholo.
Rekota lihlahisoa tsa lebese la likhomo tse ntšo le tse tšoeu li ka fihlela lilithara tse likete tse 18, empa li-burenka tse tloaelehileng ka selemo li hlahisa lebese le fetang la likete tse 6 tsa lebese le nang le mafura a ka bang 3.5%.
Kajeno, bahlahisi ba Russia ba leka ho etsa liphoofolo ho eketsa tlhahiso le ho fumana sehlahisoa se mafura se batloang ke moreki.
Kholmogorsk mofuta oa likhomo
Har'a mefuta ea lebese ea Russia, likhomo tsa mofuta oa Kholmogorsk li tsejoa ke motho e mong le e mong ea tloaelaneng le ho rua liphoofolo. Mofuta oa likhomo tsa Kholmogorsk o fumanoe tlasa maemo a neng a sa ratehe ho holisa likhomo. Leha ho le joalo, balemi ba Arkhangelsk ba khona ho theha maemo a fapaneng eseng a ikamahanyang le maemo a thata feela, empa hape ba tšoauoa ka tlhahiso e ntle ea lebese le se nang le mafura a mangata a lebese, a fihlang 4%.
Ka karolelano, lefapha la Kholmogorsk Burenka, le hlokometsoeng hantle le ho feptjoa hantle, le fana ka litheko tse fetang likete tse 6 tsa sehlahisoa ka selemo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, tse tšehali li na le boima ba li- kilo tse 550, 'me lipoho li hola ho fihlela ho 800-950 kg. Liphoofolo tsa mofuta ona li na le masapo a matla, mesifa e tsoetseng pele, bophara ba sefuba se seholo le esele e sephara. Volumetric udder e bua ka tloaelo ea lebese la likhomo.
Mofuta oa likhomo tsa Yaroslavl
Likhomo tsa mofuta oa Yaroslavl, tse nkoang e le tsona tse ntle ka ho fetisisa mefuta ea lebese la lapeng, li khetholloa ke:
- haholo mmala o moputsoa;
- bokhoni bo hlollang ba ho ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng a bophelo;
- ts'ebetso e ntlehali.
Ha e bapisoa le nama le lebese, 'me haholo-holo beng ka nama, likhomo tsa Yaroslavl li ke ke tsa khahla ka mesifa ea tsona e tsoetseng pele. Li-angular ebile li nyane. Likhomo tsa lebese li na le boima ba li-kilo tse 500 feela, 'me lipoho li hola ho isa ho 800 kg. Ka nako e ts'oanang, lebese ho tsoa likhomo tsa mofuta oa Yaroslavl li ka ba le se nang le mafura a fetang 4,5%, e leng sesupo se setle sa liphoofolo tsa Russia.
Mofuta oa likhomo tsa Kostroma
Mofuta oa likhomo tsa nama le lebese tse hlahileng lilemong tse lekholo tse fetileng e bile mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa likhomo tsa Yaroslavl, Schwyz le Algaus. Soviet Union, mofuta oa likhomo tsa Kostroma o ile oa ngolisoa le ho amoheloa bakeng sa ho tsoaloa ka 1945. Tsena ke liphoofolo tse kholo, haholo-holo tse sootho ka bohlooho, tse nang le mmele o matla le boima ba tsona, ho lipoho tse fihlang ho 1200, le tse tšehali tse ka bang 800 kg hang li bontša monyetla oa ho fumana lebese le se nang boleng feela, empa le nama.
Kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea lebese ea selemo le selemo ke lilithara tse 4,5-6 tse nang le mafura a ka bang 4%. Likhomo li tlisa bana ba maemo a holimo, ba tloaeloang ho fepa le maemo a fapaneng.
Kajeno, liphoofolo tsa mofuta ona li ka bonoa mapolasing libakeng tse ngata tsa Russia bohareng, le Rephaboliking ea Belarus.
Mofuta oa likhomo tse khubelu
Bakeng sa libaka tse ka boroa ho naha liphoofolo lia hlokahala tse ka mamellang habonolo feela mariha a chesang, a omileng, empa le ho li boloka li le makhulong a seng a na le joang bo bocha. Mefuta e khubelu ea li-steppe e ile ea fetoha mofuta o joalo, ka nepo ea nka sebaka sa bobeli se tummeng lipolasing tse kholo le mabaleng a manyane a batho.
Mofuta o mofubelu oa likhomo o ka lemohuoa ka mebala e khanyang ea tlhaho, ho tloha ho leseli ho isa ho lefifi le lefifi. Maemong a mang, likhomo li na le matšoao a masoeu, hangata li aroloa ka karolo e tlase ea 'mele, mangoleng kapa hloohong. Liphoofolo li lekantsoe ka lebese ka boima ba tsona tse nyane, ho fihlela ho 550 kg ka likhomo, mme sebopeho sa tsona ha se tsoele pele haholo.
Bakeng sa selemo, Burenka hangata e fana ka ho tloha ho lilithara tse 4 ho isa ho tse 6 tsa lebese, mme barekisi ba rekota ba batla ba mena habeli habeli. Kajeno, mosebetsi o ntse o tsoela pele ho eketsa mafura a lebese la likhomo tsa mofuta o mofubelu oa beo, hammoho le ho ntlafatsa molao oa ona.
Mofuta o motona oa likhomo
Mefuta ea nama e fumanoang Russia e kenyelletsa likhomo tse fapaneng tsa Hereford. Tšobotsi e ikhethang ea mofuta ona oa likhomo:
- boits'oaro bo makatsang liphoofolo tse matla;
- kholo e potlakileng;
- thepa e ntle ea moreki ea lero le mafura a manyane a mafura.
Mofuta oa likhomo tsa Hereford ke e 'ngoe ea tse tummeng ho fetisisa lefats'eng' me e nkoa e le ea bohlokoa, har'a lintho tse ling, ka lebaka la moea oa eona o khutsitseng, o laoloang ka potlako, le bokhoni ba ho fepa mefuta e mengata.
Boima ba likhomo tse kholo tse nang le sefuba se pharaletseng mme mokokotlo o otlolohile o fihla ho 650 kg, lipoho li hola ho fihlela ho li-1000 kg.
Khomo e putsoa ea Belgian
Qaleho ea mosebetsi oa ho fumana likhomo tse putsoa tsa Belgian e ile ea behoa morao koana lekholong la bo 18 la lilemo la Belgium. Ebe ho nahanoa hore liphoofolo li tla ba teng lefatšeng ka bophara mme, hammoho le nama, li tla fa beng ba lebese la boleng. Empa ho tloha lekholong la pele la lilemo pele, ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa nama ea likhomo, ba ne ba lula ba tsoalitsoe ka likhomo tsa mofuta oa Charolais. Ho tloha bohareng ba lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo, ho ile ha thehoa mofuta o mocha oa liphoofolo, tseo ho tsona ho neng ho etsoa liphetoho tse ipheta-phetang, tse etsang hore mesifa e eketsehe ka potlako.
Ka skeleton e kholo e sa lekaneng, 'mele o molele le maoto a makhuts'oane, likhomo li na le boima ba li-kilo tse 1000,' me likhomo li kholo le ho feta ka makhetlo a halofo.
'Mala, joalo ka lebitso le fana ka maikutlo a hore ke khomo e putsoa ea Belgian, e bohlooho bo botšo, bo bosoeu ebile bo sootho. Ho ka khoneha matheba a moriti le boholo bo fapaneng.
Mesifa e holileng haholo ea kamora 'mele ha e lumelle khomo ho ikemela ho rarolla mojaro, ho liphoofolo tse nyane kamora libeke tse 6, ha ho qala mesifa ho qala, mathata ka maoto le matsoho a khonahala. Ka hona, sehoai se hloka ho ela hloko likarolo tsena tsa tsoalo ea likhomo 'me li ikemisetse ho li rarolla.
