Li-mushroom tse lenngoeng

Litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa li-li-mushroom tse jeoang.

Hajoale, mefuta e leshome le metso e 'meli ea li-mushroom tse jeoang e ka nkuoa e le e loketseng molemong oa temo ea maiketsetso. Tsena li kenyelletsa, ho tsoa ho saprotrophs ea mobu, li-champignons bicuspid le li-ringed tse habeli; selikalikoe, kapa mehala ea stropharia jeoang volvarilla, bo-maleshoane ba bolokoe ba shaggy, rowaceae violet; ho tsoa ho li-xylotrophs - li-mushroom tsa oyster, Spitake, li-mushroom tsa lehlabula, li-mushroom tsa mariha le tse ling. Ho tsena, maemong a repabliki ea rona, masimong a matlo, lapeng le lipolasing tse khethehileng tse jalang li-mushroom, mefuta e latelang e ka holisoa ka katleho.

Champignon e habeli-thoracic - Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach. - e bile e 'ngoe ea lijalo tse fanang ka chai e phahameng linaheng tse fetang 70 tsa lefats'e: pokello ea eona bakeng sa phetoho e fihla ho 15-20 kg / m2.

'Mele oa li-fungus tsena o shebahala o tšoana le lehare le lutseng maotong a bohareng. Hat e bophara e fihla cm cm 5-10. Qalong e entsoe ka masenke, hamorao e boreleli, e otlollotsoe, ka linako tse ling e le bohareng, e fapaneng ka 'mala - ho tloha ho o mosoeu ho isa ho o sootho ka' mala o moputsoa ka mebala e fapaneng, e bobebe ho mathoko. Ho latela 'mala oa' mele o behang litholoana, mefuta e meraro ea champignon ea tse lenngoeng habeli e khetholle - e tšoeu, tranelate le e sootho. Nama ea katiba e tšoeu, e boreleli, e lero, ha e khaola e fetoha e 'mala o bopinki kapa bo bofubelu, e bolila ho latsoa, e na le monko. Li-discs li lokolohile, li tšesaane, khafetsa, qalong li pinki, hamorao li na le tinge e khubelu, e nang le li-mushroom tse fetang - e sootho kapa e ntšo. Li-spores tse butsoitseng le boima li le sootho. Ho entsoe spores tse peli ho champignon bicuspid ho li-spores tse peli (mefuta e meng ea champignon - nne). Ka tlhaho li mela mobung o nang le mongobo o mongata, manyolo a koahetsoeng ke metsi morung, makhulo, makhulo, lirapeng tsa boikhathollo le lirapeng. Litholoana champignon bicuspid ho tloha ka June ho fihlela Mphalane. E na le boleng bo phahameng ba phepo e nepahetseng.

Champion ea mehele e 'meli - Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. - ka ponahalo, e fapana feela moo ho nang le selikalikoe se habeli holima kutu, hammoho le bokhoni ba eona ba ho hola ka lithemparetjha tse phahameng tsa moea le likhakanyo tsa kharbon dioksi e kahare ho substrate. Ka hona, mofuta ona o ts'episa ho feta bakeng sa temo libakeng tse ka boroa.

Rete e bōpehileng joaloka mohala, kapa stropharia, - Stropharia rugosoannulata Farlov - e hlalositsoe ka lekhetlo la pele USA ka 1922. E fumaneha ka tlhaho Amerika Leboea le Europe. E hola mobung o nonneng hantle, meqomong ea limela, hangata kantle ho moru, libakeng tse nang le joang, lirapeng tsa meroho hape ka linako tse ling merung e matla.

'Mele oa litholoana tsa selikalikoe ka mokhoa oa katiba e nang le leoto le bohareng. Mmala oa Hat o fapana
ho tloha taupe ho ea bofubeng ba chestnut. Karolong ea pele ea nts'etsopele, e koahetsoe ka li-thickenings, ebe li nyamela; matheka a masoeu a lula sebakeng sa 'ona. Bophara ba cap, e fihla cm 20-25. Leoto le le bosoeu, cm cm le phahameng, le boreleli ebile le nama. Liapole li ne li tšoeu qalong, 'me hamorao mebala ea tsona e fetoha ho tloha botala-botšo ho isa ho boputsoa-bofifi. Khetla e kang k'hothone ea sebopeho se nang le linaleli e pakeng tsa katiba le leoto. Rale e boetse e na le thepa ea bohlokoa ea phepo ebile e loketse mefuta eohle ea ho pheha. Tatso e ka bapisoa le champignon.

Li-mushroom tsa oyster - Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kumm. - ke e 'ngoe ea li-mushroom tse jeoang haholo tsa vivo. E etsahala ka hoetla ka har'a meru le lirapeng tsa boiketlo, hangata hangata e le li-stumps le likutung tsa ho omisa le ho rema lifate tse thellang (moluoane, popole, 'mapa, joalo-joalo) hangata hangata e le mekoti. E hola ka lihlopha tse kholo, joalo ka ha eka e emisitsoe ho karoloana (ke ka hona lebitso - li-mushroom tsa oyster).

Li-ecotypes tse latelang tsa fungal li khetholloa ho latela maemo a ntseng a hola: Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus cornucopiiae, Plcurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus satignus. Hangata li nkoa e le mefuta e ikemetseng. Li fapana ka ponahalo, sebopeho sa microscopic le liphatsa tsa lefutso, sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale, ho hanyetsa mafu a baktheria, fungal le vaerase, 'me ho bokhoni ba ho mamella polokelo ea nako e telele le lipalangoang. Empa li-mushroom tsena kaofela ke sehlahisoa se phahameng sa lijo tse nang le metsoako e mengata ea tlhaho le letsoai la mineral. Tatso ea bona le monko oa tsona li ka fapana hanyane ho latela sebopeho seo ba holang ho sona.

'Mele oa litholoana tsa li-mushroom tsa oyster ka mokhoa oa mahetle ka bophara ba 5-15 cm, nako le nako ho fihla ho cm 30. Hat e na le nama, e pota-potiloe ntle le linako, e otlolohile, e boreleli, e boreleli, e metenya, e mebala e fapaneng (e putsoa-sootho, molora o lefifi, botšo bosootho, bo bosoeu), ka linako tse ling ka ho ba le kobo e tšoeu ea mycelial. Karolo ea eona e bohareng ke li-concave, likhutlo li kobehile. Liplate li tšoeu kapa li soeufala, esita le, li hlophisitsoe hanyane kapa hanyane ka hanyane, ho isa tekanyong e 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe, li oela leoto. Leoto le boreleli, le tšoeu, le botenya, boteng hangata bo na le boea, ka linako tse ling ha bo bonahale kapa ha bo eo ka botlalo. Pulama e tšoeu, ha e khaoloa moeeng, 'mala oa eona ha o fetohe.

Bakeng sa fungus maemong a fapaneng a potoloho ea bophelo, ho hlokahala maemo a fapaneng a mocheso. Bakeng sa kholo ea mycelium, 23-27 ° C e nepahetse, ka mocheso o ka tlase kapa ka holimo ho optimum, kholo ea eona e ea fokotseha, 'me ka tlase ho 5 ° C le ho feta 30 ° C ka kakaretso e emisa. Ho latela litlhoko tsa mocheso molemong oa ho qala litholoana le tsoelo-pele ea 'mele o holang, mefuta ea tlhaho ea li-mushroom tsa oyster e khetholloa pakeng tsa mefuta ea mariha le ea lehlabula. Mofuta oa "mariha" o kenyelletsa mefuta ea ecotypes ea lehae. Bakeng sa litholoana tsa bona, ho hlokahala mocheso oa 13 + 2 ° C. Mofuta oa "lehlabula" o kenyelletsa mefuta ea li-mushroom tsa Florida oyster. E beha litholoana ka mocheso o phahameng. Li-strains tsa mofuta oa pele li fa 'mele e meholo e melehali e sirelelitsoeng hantle. Mefuta ea mofuta oa bobeli e tšoauoa ka 'mele e nyane, e fokolang ea litholoana le nako e khuts'oane ea kholo e makatsang moahong o ka tlase.

Hajoale, poone e nyalisitsoeng e fumaneha ka ho tšela mariha a "mariha" le "hlabula", e khetholloang ke nako e telele, e batlang e le selemo kaofela ea ho beha litholoana le litsobotsi tse phahameng tsa 'mele e behang litholoana.

Shiitake (Shiitake), kapa joinus e jeoang, - Lentinus cdode (Berk.) Bina. - e 'ngoe ea li-mushroom tsa bohlokoa haholo tse jeoang. Tlas'a maemo a tlholeho, e hola ka moriti o khanyang oa moru. E fumanoa linaheng tsa Asia Boroa-bochabela. Mona, mushroom ena e se e lemetse tlasa maemo a maiketsetso ka lilemo tse fetang 2000, haholo holo - Japane. Haufinyane, e qalile ho lengoa United States, le linaheng tse 'maloa tsa Europe.

Ka mokhoa oa bophelo, fungus ena ke saprotroph - e phela ka lehong le shoeleng la eike, Hornbeam, chestnut, birch (ha e tsoe merung e phelang). E sebelisa cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin le tsoekere ho phepo e nepahetseng. Litholoana nakong ea selemo (qalong ea lipalesa tsa lipalesa) le hoetla. Fungus e na le litopo tse kholo - ka linako tse ling li ka fihla ho 20 cm ka bophara (khafetsa - cm 5-10). Hat e hlahella e sa le monyane lilemong, e boreleli ha nako e ntse e ea, 'me ka linako tse ling khatello ea maikutlo e hlaha karolong e bohareng ea eona. Bokantle ba mokokotlo oa 'mele e holileng ea litholoana e omme, e halikiloe, ka makhasi a masoeu a masoeu le sekahare sa shaggy e putsoa, haufi le metshetshe. Mmala ho latela lilemo le maemo a mabone li fapana ho tloha 'mala o moputsoa o moputsoa ho isa ho o lefifi. Ha makhasi ao a looa a le mongobo, a na le nama, a masoeu, a sootho ka tlasa letlalo. Litafole li lokolohile, 'me li tšoeu bosehla ha nako e ntse e ea li ea sootho. Leoto le tiile, le cylindrical, le bophara ba 1-1,5 cm, bolelele ba 3-5 cm, bo bosoeu kapa bo bosootho ka 'mala.

'Mele oa litholoana tse ncha tsa shiitake o na le monko o monate le tatso. Li na le limatlafatsi tsa bohlokoa, lintho tse fokotsang cholesterol ea plasma, hammoho le polysaccharide lentinan. Lentinan e laola tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, e liehisa nts'etsopele ea makhopho a mabe, e thibela carcinogenicity ea lik'hemik'hale' me e na le thepa ea antiviral. Lentinan hajoale o ts'ebelisong ea bongaka.

Japane, ke khale ho lumeloa hore shiitake e lelefatsa bophelo. United States, u ka e reka hoo e ka bang lebenkeleng le leng le le leng le bitsoang Healthy Diet.

Siitake e loketse mefuta eohle ea ho pheha, mme ha e omisitsoe, monko oa eona o ntlafatsoa le ho feta. Li-mushroom tsena li ka jeoa li le tala.

Li-mushroom tsa Oyster (li-mushroom tsa Oyster)

Agaric ea mahe a linotsi - Kuehncromyces mutabilis (Fr.) Sing, ct Smith. Tlas'a maemo a tlholeho, e hola ka lihlopha tse kholo holim'a lehong le shoeleng la mefuta e mengata e bolokang (Hornbeam, maple, birch, linden, aspen, sefate sa apole, beech, chestnut, jj) hangata ho stumps, lehong le shoeleng, lifateng tse shoeleng. Ha e tloaehe ka lehong la coniferous, 'me ka linako tse ling le lifateng tsa litholoana tsa majoe. Mycelium ea fungus ena e bosoeu ba lehloa, qalong e boreleli, ha nako e ntse e thatafala ebile e ba bobebe bo bobebe. E kenella ka lehong kapele, e baka tšenyo ea eona butle-butle. Monokotšoai oa fungus o hlaha ka mor'a hore mycelium e se e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea karoloana ena mme e bokelle limatlafatsi tse itseng. Ho lifateng tse phelang, hangata agarics ea mahe a linotsi ha e mele.

Agaric ea mahe a linotši e fumaneha kae kapa kae Belarus, Russia, Ukraine le Caucasus, Europe Bophirima, Asia le Amerika Leboea. E beha litholoana ho tloha ka Pherekhong ho fihlela Mphalane. Tlas'a maemo a matle, 'mele e holang ea fungus ena e theha makhetlo a' maloa nakong ea selemo. Ka 1969, mofuputsi oa Lejeremane Walter Luthard o hlokometse hore li-mushroom tsa lehlabula li na le mefuta (merabe) e fapaneng ka maikutlo a bona ho feto-fetoha ha mocheso le tlhahiso. Tlas'a maemo a matle, tse ling tsa tsona li theha 'mele e holang ka nako ea ho hola bonyane makhetlo a mararo. Maemong ana, leqhubu la bobeli (wave) la fruiting, e le molao, le beha haholo.

'Mele oa litholoana tsa mahe a linotši a hlabula a bulehileng ka tsela e tšoanang a tšoana le a mahe a linotši a hoetla a bulehileng, empa a fapana ka' mala o lefifi. Khetla ea 'mele e behang litholoana ea mahe a linotši a lehlabula e fihla ho cm cm 3-6. Ha e le monyane, e na le semicircular, ebe e fetoha flat-convex,' me ha e se e le motho e moholo oa eona e batla e bulehile, e le metsi, mekhoako ea eona e ea kokobela. Bohareng ba katiba ke sejana se sephara, se chitja. Bokaholimo ba eona bo bosehla bo bosootho bo bosootho bo bosootho bo boputsoa bo bosoeu joalo ka leholimo le leholimo. Nama ea cap, e boreleli, e soeufala ka tinge e sootho, e na le lephoka le monko o monate oa li-mushroom. Liroto tsa katiba li moqotetsane, hangata li tlangoa ka leoto, qalong khalase e bobebe, 'me botsofe bo fetoha botšo. Leoto le bohareng, qalong e le cylindrical, e ba e se nang letho, e boreleli ka lilemo; bolelele bo fapana ho tloha ho 3 ho isa ho 8 cm, ka botenya - ho tloha ho 0,3 ho isa ho 1 cm: Ke mmala o moputsoa bo bofubelu, o bobebe ka holimo, o bofubelu bo bofubelu, o boreleli, o lefifi ka tlase, o batla o le motšo. Rale ea ho koala hatti a sa le monyane ke 'mala o tšoanang le oa leoto le holimo. Ka linako tse ling ea nyamela, e siea letšoao le hlakileng. Spore phofo e sootho.

Mahe a linotši a hlabula e le li-mushroom tsa bohlokoa tse jeoang li lengoa haholo linaheng tse ngata tsa lefatše.

Li-mushroom tsa mariha, kapa flammulin e nang le velvet, - Favuulina velutipes (Curt, ex Fr.) Bina. - E ajoa haholo ho pholletsa le Rephabliki ea Belarus, hammoho le Europe, Siberia le Bochabela bo Holimo. Tlas'a maemo a tlholeho, e mela lehong la lifate tse shoeleng le tse senyehileng tsa mefuta e mengata e mahlonoko (popole, linden, mosamo, joalo-joalo), le lits'ing tsa lifate tse felisitsoeng. Nako le nako e fumanoa ho li-conifers. Belarus, ha e tsejoe hantle e le li-mushroom tse jeoang.

Ho fapana le li-mushroom tse ling tse jeoang, li-mushroom tsa mariha li theha 'mele e holang ka mocheso o tlase oa moea (ho fihlela ho 2-5 ° С); Haholo-holo, Belarus hangata hangata - qetellong ea hoetla, ka linako tse ling mariha nakong ea thaw, le ka Hlakubele kapa Mots'eanong. Ha e bata haholo serame, e koahetsoe ke lehloa, e ea bata, 'me nakong ea thaw e khona ho phela hape ebe e hola ho feta.

'Mele oa litholoana tsa li-mushroom tsa mariha ka mokhoa oa moqhaka leoto. Tlhapi e bolelele ba cm 2 ho isa ho 10, e potoloha ka nako e nyane, ebe e fetoha sephara, e harelane hanyane qetellong. Bokaholimo ba eona bo boreleli, hangata bo le mucous, hangata bo 'mala o mosehla kapa bo botala, ka linako tse ling bo sootho bohareng, bo bopehile hanyane ka thoko. Nama ea cap, e boreleli, e bonolo ebile e na le 'mala o mosehla, o nang le tatso e monate ea li-mushroom. Lamellae khafetsa, o mosesane, o hokahane hanyane ka hanyane ho pedicle, mmala o moputsoa, o sa ngoanngoeng meno meno mathomong. Leoto la 'mele o behang litholoana le bohareng, le cylindrical (bolelele ho isa ho 5-8 cm, le bophara ba 0.5-0.8 cm), le boreleli, leseling, fibrous-velvety, sootho-sootho. Li-spores li boreleli bo bosehla bo bosehla.

Li-mushroom tsa mariha li kopanya lintho tse sebetsang tsa tlhaho, joalo ka mohlala, flammulin (e thibela kholo ea likhansere, e na le ts'oaetso), ka hona e lengoa haholo (ka tšilafalo ea indasteri e etsang patsi le tlhahiso ea temo).