Li-Blueberries tsa ho lema lirapeng hangata li bitsoaBlueberriese fumaneha maemong ohle a leholimo a futhumetseng le a batang libakeng tsohle tsa Karolo ea Leboea ea Lefatše, le Li-blueberries tse telelee simolohile Amerika Leboea. Mefuta ea morao-rao e lengoa ka bongata e le sejalo sa litholoana le mekhabiso. Ka bobeli mefuta ena ke ea mofuta oa Vaccinium (VacciniumHeatherEricaceae) Ntle le lipale tsa tlhaho tse bolokiloeng ka kotloloho, mofuta ona o kenyelletsa limela tse ngata tse tummeng tsa monokotšoai - lingonberry, cranberries, blueberries.
Mabitso a mang a tloaelehileng le a lehae bakeng sa li-blueberries (kapa monokotšoai oa ona): liphororo tsa metsi, moqolo oa hop, li-roll tsa hop, gonobob, gonobel, gonoboy, gonobol, leoatla, dope, booatla, dope, berry e tahiloeng, letahoa, letahoa, letahoa, morara o moputsoa, buluu.
Ka linako tse ling litlolo tse bolotsana li bitsoa lekhoba la tahi kapa gonobobel hobane ho thoe e noha joala ebile e opisa hlooho bohloko. Empa, ha e le hantle, sesosa sa liketsahalo tsena ke rosemary, hangata e hola sebakeng sa bolulo.
Li-blueberries tse tloaelehileng.
Sebakeng sa Russia ka tlhaho ho na le mefuta e le 'ngoe - "Blueberry" e tloaelehileng, empa ha e sebelisoe haholo moetlong. Ka har'a lingoliloeng, e le mofuta oa Serussia oa lebitso Blueberry o tloaelehileng (Vaccinium uliginosum) hape e fumaneha: marsh blueberries, marsh blueberries, blueberries tse makatsang.
United States le Canada, mefuta e 'maloa ea li-blueberries e mela libakeng tsa eona tsa tlhaho, empa bahlahisi ba lebisitse tlhokomelo ho li-blueberries tse telele (corymbose, blueberry kapa ballet e telele kapa gluteus berry) (Vaccinium corymbosum), mme hajoale USA ho na le mefuta ea eona ea 45. Haufinyane, mefuta ena ea li-blueberries tsa jareteng e bohareng ba tlhokomelo ea balemi ba lirapa ba ma-Amateur ba Russia.
Li-blueberries tse telele
Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea li-blueberries tse telele
Ho fapana le li-blueberries tse hlaha, litholoana (serapeng) tse lenngoeng li na le vithamine P e ngata le carotene. Pono e ntle le tatso e monate - tatso e monate ea monokotsoai o moholo, kotulo e ntle (ho tloha ho limela tse lilemo li 6-8 - ho fihlela ho 2-2,5 kg) e tšoaea tloaelo ena ea melee.
Lilemong tse mashome a robong tse fetileng, Brooks o ile a khethoa lebothong le lecha la corymbose (le lelelele) Amerika Leboea. Selemong se latelang, ho tsoa ho mofuta o mong oa lipalesa tse tlase, ho ile ha fumanoa mofuta o mong oa lipalesa tsa lipalesa tse ngata - Russell, sebata, se thibang serame, li butsoitse kapele. Ho tšela mefuta eohle ka bobeli ho hlahisitse litholoana tse ntle, ebe mefuta ea boraro e ne e hokahane - mofuta o ka boroa oa blueberry. Ka lebaka la ho tšela, ho fumanoe mefuta ea bohlokoa: Pioneer, Caboti, Katarina, Rubel.
Sebakeng sa Moscow, mefuta e tšepisang ka ho fetisisa ea lijalo tse tsoang serapeng sa Amerika Leboea ke: Dixie, Jersey, Rankocas, Weymouth. Mefuta ena ka selemo e beha litholoana selemo le selemo, e ba le li-brushes tse kholo tsa li-berry tse ngata, mariha ka mokhoa o khotsofatsang. Boholo ba li-blueberries tse telele li fihlela boholo ba ciliegia e nang le litholoana tse nyane.
Mefuta e mengata ea li-blueberries tsa jareteng e ka lengoa libakeng tse ling tsa tsela e bohareng. Li thunya li beha litholoana selemo le selemo. Letlobo la selemo le selemo le hola ho tloha molaleng oa metso. Kholo ea makala a makala a batho ba baholo e nyane. Lilemong tsa pele tsa li-blueberries tse telele, ke liforomo tse fokolang tse fokolang feela ho bona.
Lipalesa tse tloaelehileng.
Mobu bakeng sa lipalesa tsa lipalesa
Mobu oa li-blueberries tse telele ka ho khetheha o ka phefumoloha, o bolila, o na le lehlabathe le boreleli. Balemi ba lirapa ba sa tsotelleng sena le ho lema li-blueberries mobung o boima oa letsopa ha ba khotsofalle ho hola le kholo ea limela. Bophahamo bo lekaneng ba metsi a lefats'e a emeng a 40-60 cm ho tloha holim 'a lefatše. Tlas'a boemo ba ho nosetsa butle-butle le khafetsa, metsi a lefats'e a ka tebela haholo. Ntho e ka sehloohong bakeng sa li-blueberries tsa serapeng ke ho ba teng ha mobu oa acidic (pH ka bongata ba 3.8-5). Maemo a loketseng a mobu a ka ahloloa ke limela tse bonts'ang, joalo ka lierekisi, sorrel, koena. Le ha pH e ka ba 6, li-blueberries li hola butle, re sa bue ka ho se nke lehlakore, le mobu o nang le alkaline haholo.
Haeba mobu o sebakeng sa marang-rang ke ona o atileng haholo, ke hore ha o acidic, joale lisenthara tse 56 tsa mobu li ntšoa ka sekoting sa botebo ba 0.5-0.6 m le bophara ba 1 m, sekoti se arotsoe ka liboto, polyethylene kapa likotoana tsa litini mme se tletse ka peat ea acid. Haeba peat e sa lekana, kenyelletsa (eseng ho feta karolo ea boraro ea boima kaofela) patsi, patsi ea lehong, makhapetla esita le ho feta - li-needle tse bolaeang tsa phaene-phaene tse tsoang morung o haufi. Liphetho tse ntle li fumaneha ka ho lema lipalesa tsa lipalesa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa patsi e bolileng. Ho bohlokoa ho tširelletsa mobu kamora ho lema ka bolelele bo bolelele (7-15 cm) ea sawdust e tšoanang, lithupa tsa patsi kapa sphagnum moss, e thusang ho boloka mongobo le ho sitisa kholo ea mofoka.
Ho na le khetho e 'ngoe bakeng sa acidization ea mobu: selemo pele ho ho lema li-blueberries tsa jarete, sebabole sa phofo (250 g ka 1 m3 ea mobu) se kenngoa ka har'a sona kapa menontsha ea liminerale tse kang ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea, potasiamo sulfate, nitroammophoska li sebelisoa. Tse peli tsa pele bakeng sa mitha e ngoe le e ngoe li kenyelletsoe ha ho na 20 g, ea bobeli - halofo e tlase. Ntho ea bohlokoa ha se ho e tlolisa ka litekanyetso.
Ho na le mekhabiso e mengata ea ho lema li-blueberries tsa jareteng, empa mokhoa o bobebe ebile o theko e tlase ke ho tlisa sawdust, e tlohelle ba fetang, ba be le serapa ka bophara ba 40-50 cm, kapa ba etse komporo le semela ho sona ka lihlahla tsa blueberry ka mora 80-90 cm ka tatellano le ka mora 2 m pakeng tsa mela.
Li-blueberries tse tloaelehileng.
Ho lema li-blueberries tsa jareteng
Li-blueberries tse telele hangata li rekisoa ka lijana tse nyane tse nang le peat. Lipeo tse nang le metso e bulehileng li mela hantle. Lebaka le kahara Symbiosis ea li-blueberries ka li-mushroom tsa saprophyte, tse thusang semela ho monya limatlafatsi tse hlokahalang mobung. Khafetsa, matloana a matala a limela a fana ka limela tse nyane tse nang le letlobo le senang lipalesa tse putsoa. Lisosa tse joalo, ha li oela fatše, ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang li tla hoama hofihlella serame sa pele se tebileng. Nakong ea selemo ka 'nete, sebakeng sa makala a shoeleng, a macha, empa ho molemo ho feta, lipeo tse emeng li ka bolokoa kamoreng e ka tlase ho fihlela nako e futhumetseng e futhumetseng ka mocheso o tlase haholo kapa, hampe ka ho fetesisa, li kenngoa sill e bobebe ka ho fetesisa ka phapusing. Haeba ho na le betri e futhumatsang e kahare tlasa fensetere e hulang le ho otla moea o potileng, pakeng tsa eona le limela o hloka ho theha thebe e bonolo ea tšireletso - ho tloha sekhechaneng sa plywood kapa k'hateboto ebe, haeba ho khonahala, eketsa moea mongobo. Ho lema li-blueberries tse lenngoeng ka kamoreng qetellong ea Mots'eanong, ha ts'oso ea serame sa ho qetela e fetile. Ba e beha hole le halofo ea limithara tse peli pakeng tsa limela.
Ka katleho, o ka jala li-blueberries tsa jareteng ka lebokoseng la lehong, ka moqomong, pitseng e kholo ea letsopa kapa esita le polasetiki e nang le drainage hantle ho tsoa mpeng ea letsopa le atolositsoeng kapa liphaephe tse nyane. Peat bakeng sa litanka tse joalo e hloka hanyane haholo - hantle feela ka bophahamo ba tsona. E moruo hape e ntle. Ha ho kotsi hore ebe ka ntle ho naha, limela tse ntle tse nang le makhasi a matala tse lenngoeng lipitseng li khabisitse mathuleng, litulong le lihloeng. Ba li beha monyakong oa ntlo. (Ke 'nete, ka theknoloji e ntseng e hola joalo ka bohareng ba Russia ho na le bothata bo fokolang. Bakeng sa mariha, sejana se tlameha ho patoa ka fatshe kapa se beheloe ka phapusing e sa keneleng moea oa lehloa).
Shrub ea Blueberry e tloaelehileng.
Tlhokomelo ea serame ea lipalesa
Ha ho sebetsoa mobu, ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko hore motso oa li-blueberries ha o holimo feela ebile o sebakeng sa mobu se nang le lisentimetara tse 15. Ka hona, limela li arabela haholo ho mulching ea peat ea selemo le selemo ka sekala sa cm 5, se sebelisa manyolo a naetrojene le ho nosetsa. Li-blueberries tsa serapeng li arabela hantle sebopeho sa selemo sa selemo sa ho theha sehlahla: ho rema makala a khale boemong ba mobu, ho rema makala a fokolang, hammoho le ho nchafatsoa moqhaka bakeng sa patsi e sa feleng, ho faola ka bohloeki, jj. Ha ho khaola ho ruruha ha makala a khale ho fihlela phetolo e holima mobu, ho theha makala a fetang selemo - se bitsoang lihlaha tsa sebopeho, tseo boholo ba tsona li fihlang ho 0.5-1 m. 9 cm cm. boholo ba monokotsoai le sejalo li itšetlehile ka mefuta e holiloeng.
Keketseho ea li-blueberries tse telele
Li-blueberries tsa jareteng li jala peō ka mekhoa ea limela. Nakong ea peo ea peo, peo e khethoa ho monokotšoai o nang le limela tse felletseng tse bokelloang lihlahleng tse behang litholoana le tse phetseng hantle. Peō e teiloeng e omisitsoe hanyane ebe e jaloa hoetla nakong ea hoetla e lokiselitsoeng esale pele, e nokiloeng ka peat ea acid le lithaba tse emolisitsoeng. Bakeng sa ho jala nakong ea selemo, lipeo li arotsoe likhoeli tse 3. Jala lipeo ka li-grooves, ho fihlela botebo ba 1 cm, ka tlase e nang le boto e nyane. Tšela lipeo ka lehlabathe le katiloeng ka karo-karolelano ea 3: 1. Peo e mela hantle mochesong oa 23-25 C le mongobo oa mobu o ka bang 40% ka boima ba mobu. Tlhokomelo ea lipeo e na le ts'ebetso ea mobu o sa feleng, ho tlosa mofoka le ho nosetsa. Ho khothaletsa kholo ea lipeo, li-blueberries selemong sa bobeli, ho qala ka selemo, li feptjoa ka manyolo a naetrojene. Lilemo tse 2, lipeo li lengoa setsing sa ho jala. Ebe e ea chekoa ebe e jaloa bakeng sa ho holisa sekolong, moo e fuoang sebaka se seholo sa lijo. Kamora lilemo tse 1-2, lipeo tse holileng li fetisetsoa sebakeng se sa feleng ka serapeng, empa ho ka ba hotle ho etsa khetho ea motho ka mong ea tšepisang lipeo sekolong ka tlhahiso le litšobotsi tse ling.
Hangata balemi ba lirapa ba qalang ba fumana lihlahla tse phahameng haholo maemong a tlhaho, ba li fetisetsa ka jareteng ea bona. Ho molemo ho tsamaisa letlobo la motso, karolo ea sehlahla kapa e kotuloe e sehiloeng ka sehlahla sa rhizome, ho fapana le sehlahla kaofela. Karolo ea sehlahla se chekiloeng e ka khaoloa ho ba bana ba arohaneng le li-rhizomes ka bolelele ba cm cm 5. Li-blueberries tsa jareteng le tsona li phatlalalitsoe ke li-cutter tsa li-rhizome, tse kotuloang hoetla, kamora ho oa ha lekhasi, kapa mathoasong a selemo. Bolelele ba sebetsana bo tloha ho cm 7 ho isa ho 15 cm, bophara - bo boholo, bo potlaka haholo bo theha keketseho le tsamaiso ea metso. Ho ntlafatsa sekhahla sa ho pholoha, li-cuttings li pepesetsoa lithemparetjha tse tlase (ho tloha ho 1 ho isa ho 5 ° C) ka khoeli. Ebe li lenngoe ka lehlabatheng le hlephileng la lehlabathe ka peat 3: 1 (e sekametseng) 'me e fafatsoe ka holimo ka lisentimitara tse 5 tsa karoloana e le ngoe. Ka tlhokomelo e ntle, kamora lilemo tse peli, lipeo tse holisitsoeng hantle li hola, li fetisetsoa sebakeng se sa feleng serapeng. Lijalo tse lenngoeng ka Vegetative li kenya litholoana ka selemo sa bone, lipeo - la bosupa le la borobeli.
Ka palo e kholo ea tlhahiso ea mefuta ea bohlokoa ea li-blueberries tsa serapeng le ho eketsa sekhahla sa ho ikatisa, ba sebelisa haholo li-cuttings tse nang le li-cutlets tse putsoa le tse lignified. Ha e hlahisoa ka li-cuttings, mefuta e fapaneng ea Bluray, Coville, Herbert, Rankokas, Scammel, Dixie, Rannaya Sinaya le Bluk-prop (70-97%) e mela ka metso. Berkeley, Atlantic le No. 13 (40-50%) li na le metso e fokolang.
Li-blueberries tse tloaelehileng.
Mefuta ea Blueberries
Blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum)
Ka tlholeho, li-blueberries li mela merung, mokhoabong kapa matlapeng a nang le acidic talus siling, hummocks, lithabeng ho ea fihla lebopong la thaba-tundra, ka boroa ho lebanta le kaholimo la thaba, karolong ea Europe ea Russia ho tloha Arctic ho ea Ukraine, hammoho le sebakeng se lithaba sa e. , lithaba tsa Caucasus, naheng ea Urals, Siberia le Bochabela bo Holimo, li nyolohela lithabeng ho ea fihla bophahamong ba limithara tse likete tse 3 ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle. Kahare ho mefuta, mefuta-futa ea 'maloa e arohantsoe,' me e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea eona e hola tikolohong ea eona ea tikoloho le tikoloho. E sirelitsoe mehlolong.
Li-Blueberries li na le tikoloho e pharalletseng haholo ea tikoloho: li ka mela mobung o mongobo, o mongobo le libakeng tse ommeng lithabeng, li hola hantle ho feta libakeng tse moriti. Ha e na serame haholo ho feta li-lingonberry le li-blueberries, ha e na bothata ba serame sa selemo. Blueberry ke oligotroph e khonang ho hola ka mobu o fokolang haholo o nang le acidic. E ba le ts'ebeliso e ntle ea ts'ebeliso ea superphosphate le ho chesa ka ntle ho meutlanyana, e eketsa tlhahiso.
Serapa se melelele serapeng sa lipalesa (Vaccinium corymbosum)
Tšimolohong ho tsoa Amerika Leboea. E mela libakeng tse mongobo le tse mongobo. Lapeng, ona ke moetlo oa seratsoana o tletse ka makhapetla: o tšeloa masimong a liindasteri, a lenngoe lirapeng tsa batho, haufi le matlo. Karolong e ka leboea ea USA le Canada, li-blueberries li tsebahala haholo ho feta li-currants tse ntšo. Boemo bona bo hlalosoa habonolo - monokotšoai o monate ebile o motle. Blueberry ea Amerika e bitsoa e telele hobane e hola ho fihlela e le limithara tse peli. Semela se thunya ka selemo sa boraro kamora ho lema. Bophara ba melee ke ho tloha ho 10 ho isa ho 25 mm. Kotuloa USA - 10 kg ho tloha morung, Russia, le hlabula e khuts'oanyane ea selemo - ho tloha ho 0.5 ho isa ho 7 kg. Ha se mefuta eohle e kantle ho naha e loketseng sehlopha se bohareng, empa haholo-holo ea ripening ea pele le e mahareng. Hamorao mefuta e sa tsoaneng e hola feela 30%, ntle le hore, ka ho hlakileng, e se e lemetse mohloling o motala.
Li-blueberries tse telele, kapa li-Blueberries tse telele, kapa cinquefoil.
Blueberry Covilla (Vaccinium covilleanum)
Li-blueberries tsa jareteng li fumanoe ka lebaka la ho nyalisoa ha mefuta e meraro ea Amerika Leboea ea li-blueberries mme li lema masimong a liindasteri ho fumana monokotsoai o se o batla o le haufi le lefatše lohle, ho kenyeletsoa le Russia. Hajoale, ho na le mefuta e fetang 100 ea li-blueberries tsa bolelele bo fapaneng le matsatsi a fapaneng a ripening. Sena ke sehlahla sa ka mehla se lulang se le telele ebile se phela nako e telele ka bolelele ba 0,7 ho isa ho 2,5 m (ho latela mefuta e fapaneng), se seholo, se bophara ba 1.5-2.2 cm, se monate haholo ebile se le letsoai, se khethiloeng ka likhahla tsa monokotsoai o moputsoa. Kotula sehlahla se le seng ho tloha ho 2 ho isa ho 8 kg. E hola hantle letsatsi ebile e le moriti o sa bonahaleng, empa e beha litholoana hantle leseling le letle. Ntle le serapa sa heather, se ka lengoa joalo ka sejalo se tlasana tlasa lifate tse telele tsa coniferous, hape se sebelisetsoa lehong. E na le serame sa mariha, empa mariha a se nang lehloa ha a na lehloa, a ka bata.
Blueberry Covilla.
Maloetse a Likokoana-hloko le Blueberry
Linaheng tsohle moo ho lengoa li-blueberries tse telele, lefu le ka sehloohong le bolaoa ke lefu la sefuba le bakoang ke fungus Godronia cassandrae (sethaleng se sa phethahalang - Fusicoccum putrefaciens Shear). Boloetse bona bo baka lefu la limela tse nyane le lefu la letlobo le le leng ho ba baholo, hammoho le phokotso e kholo ea chai. Matšoao a pele a lefu lena a hlaha mariha, hangata hangata e hola hanyane hanyane. Ho na le matheba a manyane a bofubelu sebakeng se tlabolang makhasi le makhapetleng ka bobona, ebe a eketseha ka boholo, a fetoha oval, brown-brown, a lla le ho etsa hore a shoa. Ka letlobo la khale, ho thehoa liso tsa ka hanyane ka hanyane, tse koahetsoeng ke makhapetla a tsoang naheng e 'ngoe. Makhasi a limela tse kulang a na le 'mala o bosoeu bo bosehla nako e telele pele makhasi a fetoha. Lehlabuleng, li-mushroom li theha matheba a sootho makhapetleng ka halo e bofubelu ba raspberry. Bakeng sa ho loants'a lefu lena, pele ho tsohle, qoba ho lema masimong libakeng tse nang le mongobo o mongata, hammoho le ho sebelisa tekanyetso e phahameng haholo ea manyolo a naetrojene. Ntle le moo, ba khaola khafetsa le ho chesa letlobo le amehileng.
Haeba o sa tsamaise ka hloko nako le taolo ea mafu le likokonyana, a ka senya hampe lihlahla tsa blueberry tsa serapeng mme a lebisa ho fokotsehang ho tebileng ha chai. Ho Blueberry, ho na le mafu a bakoang ke fungus le livaerase. Ho ile ha hlokomeloa mefuta e ka bang 70 ea li-fungus e sebelisang li-Blueberries le cranberries.
Tsena, tse latelang ke tsona tse kotsi ho li-blueberries tsa serapeng.
- Godronia cassandrae - e baka lefu le bitsoang mofets'e oa stem
- Septoria albopunctata - e baka mahlaku a makhasi
- Phyllostictina vaccinii - e senya haholo monokotsoai
- Gleocercospora inconspicua - e baka mahlaku a makhasi
- Monilinia vaccinii - e baka ho sotha ha letlobo le lipalesa tse nyane hammoho le ho monya monokotsoai
- Microsphaera ami (hlobo) - e baka koae e tšoeu holim'a makhasi
- Pucciniastrum myrtylli (kutu) - e hlaha ka sebopeho sa epiphytoties mme e etsa hore makhasi a oe kapele.
- Pucciniastrum goeppertianum - e bitsa "baloi mafielo"
- Phylospora corticus - moemeli oa lisosa tsa mofetše oa semola
- Phomopsis vacinii - e baka lefu la makala
- Botritys cinerea - e ama lipalesa, litholoana le makhasi maemong a leholimo a foggy nako le nako
- Exobasiduum vaccinii - e baka hypertrophy le 'mala o mofubelu o khanyang oa lipalesa tse nang le tšoaetso, litholoana le makhasi
Mehato ea ho loants'a likokoana-hloko tse thathamisitsoeng tsa maloetse a fungal - kalafo ka li-fungicides tse teng nakong ea kholo ea selemo.
Ho mafu a vaerase, ho boletsoe tse latelang:
- virarfism ea vaerase - e baka lihlahla tse nyane le ho theoa ha makhasi a manyane a lehlabula lehlabula
- makala a litšila - a baka metsero e khubelu makaleng a manyane
- 'mala o mofubelu oa selemo - libaka tse khubelu tsa annular li hlaha makhasi a khale. E 'ngoe ea maloetse a kotsi ka ho fetisisa naheng ea Amerika
- ho bona makhasi a chitja a necrotic - ho baka matšoao a chlorotic, sebakeng seo mekoti e theang teng, e fokolisa kholo ea kholo mme e khothaletsa ho omisa ha makala
- mosaic - makhasi a fetoha mosehla o moputsoa
- vaerase ea likhoele ke e 'ngoe ea maloetse a kotsi ka ho fetisisa a mofuta oa Blueberry. Nako ea morao-rao e nka lilemo tse ka bang 4, ebe kholo ea limela e ea fokotseha, 'mala oa makhasi oa fetoha, likhoele tse tšoanang le mabopo li hlahella letlobo. Ka lebaka la bothata ba ho bona lefu lena, tlhahiso ea Blueberry ho la Michigan le United States ka kakaretso e kotsing
Mehato e khahlano le mafu a vaerase: ho felisoa ha limela tse kulang le ho chesoa ha libaka tse nang le tšoaetso, hammoho le khetho ea mefuta e hanyetsang lefu lena.
